Business, Diplomacy and Politics:
American and European Region.
Febryan Rivaldo Cliff Pelleng
IR Diplomacy 2
016201400060
1. Economic Integration
a. Definition
Based on some reliable source, Economic integration is an economic arrangement between different regions marked by the reduction or elimination of trade barriers and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies.
Well basically in my own perspective, Economic Integration is a process of agreement in which two or even more parties, in this case country states, agreed to reduce or remove a trade barriers for the advantages of both parties.
Economic Integration is often has a specific motives that drive, the driven parties to create one. Like for an example the Regionalism
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Economic integration is like a continuum line that have two different ends. First is no integration at all means the country is a single economic that have no agreements with other parties. And the other one is a complete integration which have the fully advantages of economic integration. The table above is the basic explanation about the economic integration levels. But we will only focusing from the Free Trade, Customs Union, Common Market, and Economic Integration. We will not discuss about the Political Union which are going to be out of the context of the discussion. Let’s start with the simplest …show more content…
The simple way to describe the Custom Union, it is like the FTA + Common External Tariff. They have the same trade barriers elimination and also have the a unified trade policies with the countries outside of the union, also known as the External Tariff. For an example, Customs Union will establish a common tariff that is applied to all imports that coming into each member counties. The revenue of the tariff may be divided among the members according to the agreement they have agreed. The example of this Union is the Andean Community that consist of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. It was previously known as the Andean Pact with the purpose to promote the expansion of markets and guarantee an effective economic development to the
At the end of World War II, Western European powers sought political stability after a period of turmoil and devastation. Germany was divided into two spheres of influence: East Germany, controlled by the Soviet Union, and West Germany, controlled by the Allies. Western Europe attempted to unify in the post-war economy, and various views arose regarding this potential unity. The unification of Western Europe was met with opinions that were largely motivated by a nation’s own economic and political interests.
It meant their country could be revived because they could expand their country and find new resources to use or trade. Finding a new aid was perfect because it meant you had something that no one else did and could trade it for things to make your country stronger. The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided The Americas between them. This was important because it meant Spain or Portugal could explore their part of The New World. The two countries found many resources like iron ore, copper, and nickel.
This was an excellent example of the Unions determination and
How important are these unions in nowadays? Perhaps, there is the main controversy about the theory of union power. The author believes that the entire structure must change and the central principle of representation "quid and the quo" need renovation. Estlund believes the new century needs new ideas and different approaches. The current employees can’t rely on the laws and concepts, which created centuries ago for that time's specific needs.
The 19th century was a time of unification and centralization for the countries of Italy and Germany. Unification was a very controversial subject in Italy at the time because people’s opinions varied with residency, social class, religious affiliation, gender, occupation, and ideological outlook. Residency, occupation, and political power affected the point of views of the authors the most in the documents. Besides the debate of whether or not Italy should be unified, questions regarding how Italy would become centralized or why Italy should not be unified were a major factor when determining the future of Italy. For example, if Italy were to be unified, would the political system be a republic or monarchy.
Interactions amid the provinces and the federal government, from constitutional issues to the most irresistible topics bang up-to-date in the country, are indemnified beneath the umbrella of “Federalism”. Authorities are shared so that on some matters, the state governments are decision-holders, whereas on the other matters, national government grasps the autonomy. In last twenty-five years, the upsurge of federal fiats on both governments, local and state, has shifted the power amongst state and national governments. Now, the national government is beginning to have more governance over the state’s engagements.
Was not its intention to reduce imports and promote domestic production? - In addition to the above, this measure caused discontent among countries with commercial ties with Ecuador, especially from CAN (Andean Community) Members. Business representatives from Peru and Colombia expressed their concern and demanded their government act in reciprocity imposing similar barriers to Ecuadorian
Introductions International trade refers to a country trade goods and services to another country. International trade open up the world potential market to increase producer sales quantity and increase competition on foreign country. apart from these, international trade will create job opportunity and hence reduced unemployment rate as well as positive balance of payment. however, it might bring negative effects to a country as well, therefore, government play an important role in implementing trade restriction on imported goods in order to prevent imported goods destroy the domestic market or at certain extend, monopolize the market. 94 words A ) Discuss the forms of restriction on international trade.
The following section discusses the decline in trade union membership, reasons of decline union in membership and the solution of the declines, advantages and disadvantages of trade unions membership in any employment. Trade union is an organization who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work and better working conditions. Most trade unions are independent of any employer. However, trade unions try to develop close working relationships with employers. This can sometimes take the form of a partnership agreement between the employer and the trade union which identifies their
China and South Africa), or one country and a trading bloc (e.g. the European Union and Morocco) or 2 trading blocs (e.g. EFTA and SCU). ADVANTAGES OF REGIONAL AND BILATERAL APPROACH FOR BOTH POOR AND RICH COUNTRIES Most of developing countries are enjoying some sort of trade preferences in the form of very low or up to zero tariffs on their exports to developed countries.
At the same time, the world has also become interdependent due to trade relations. Major countries in the world trade with each other so as to ensure maximum productivity. Trade laws have been established through international organizations dictating the extent of trade relations. Imports
What can be defined by economic globalisation is the increasing economic integration and interdependence of national, regional and local economies across the world through an intensification of cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies and capital. Whereas globalisation is a broad of set of processes concerning multiple networks of economic, political and cultural interchange, contemporary economic globalisation is propelled by the rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and by the developments in science and technology. Some theorist also defined Globalisation as a historical stage of accelerated expansion of market capitalism, like the one experienced in the 19th century with the
FOREIGN AID It is an economic instrument used by the states to promote their national as well as international interests. It includes the transfer of money,services, goods, technical assistance and other development assistance. etc usually from the donor countries to the recipient countries i.e. from rich countries to the poor countries. Because, their economic and political objectives depend on having a stable international system and the supports of other countries. It is not a new instrument because it has been using by the states from the earlier times.
The post-world war era created an atmosphere of caution regarding individual states in an international system dominated by realist rationale. Thus, based on functionalist principles it was believed that a United Europe was a more acceptable and viable alternative. It was believed that the international system would be more functional with organizations directed at collectively addressing functional needs rather than the realist orientation of each State for itself. This, however, did not materialize until the formation of the European Union (EU) in 1958 and arose out of the functionalist school of thought.
Parliamentarism, or a parliamentary government, is defined “as a system of government in which the executive, the government, is chosen by and is responsible to…the legislature.” (Gerring, Thacker and Moreno, 2005, p. 15) With this form of governmental control, many advantages and disadvantages arise, especially when this system is compared to the likes of ‘Presidential systems’ or even that of ‘Semi-presidential systems’. However, my aim within this essay is to, both, highlight to advantages of parliamentarism, and to also give my opinion as to why this system is better when compared and contrasted with the aforementioned systems. According to Hague and Harrop (2007, p. 336), there are three different branches relating to the parliamentary system. Firstly, the legislature and the executive are “originally linked”.