Cyclosporine: The Immune System

Compare and contrast the biological processes underlining the innate and adaptive immunity The complexity of the human immune system comprises of specialised cells(leukocytes), proteins (antibodies, lysozymes), tissues (lymphatic vessels), and organs (spleen) working together to fight off pathogens due to constant exposure. The first line of defence is the innate immune system which reacts rapidly to the pathogens. Whilst the adaptive immune system responds slowly to infection and also possesses a high degree of specificity.

(1) This aortic stenosis lead to flow blood out of the heart and this disease is common to adults over 65 years old. The common symptoms of this disease can breathlessness, or chest pain, exercise restriction or collapse. (2) 2. What are the main differences between TAVI and convectional valve replacement techniques?

Regenerative medicine refers to the repair of, or the replacement of organs, cells and tissues in a human system. This will be done to tissues, cells or organs that have been damaged by disease, trauma or being damaged over extended periods of time. There are several ways to repair the organs, tissues or cells but the most promising way of doing this is with stem cell therapy. Regeneration and therefore revitalisation of these organs, tissues or cells can and should be done as they get worn-out, using stem cell therapy to carry out the restoration. The definition of worn-out is: damaged to the point of no longer being usable.

Essential hypertension accounts for 95% of all cases of hypertension. It is a heterogeneous disorder, with different patients having different causal factors that lead to high Blood Pressure. However, there are factors leading to primary hypertension, which are called “Risk factors”. These risk factors could be the result of genetic and environmental factors such as family history of hypertension and health habits like high level of sodium in diet, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, age, and psychological stress (Kamide,

In HD, an extra-corporal device is used, whereas in PD the peritoneal membrane acts as a filter. TX patients receive their allograft from living or cadaveric donors. To prevent allograft rejection, immunosuppressant therapy is required including the use of prednisolone, cyclosporine or tacrolimus, which could also affect the oral health. End stage renal disease (ESRD) encompasses a wide range of metabolic disorders affecting every system of the body leading to a very immunocompromised situation.

Zoe Imagine being on a national organ transplant list and have been given a choice. Do you want a human organ or an animal organ? Yes, Xenotransplantation is a large medical breakthrough, but it come with a tremendous amount of risk involved. Animal organs are not meant to be in a humans body. Therefore, human organs should be used for people on the donation list instead of Xenotransplantation.

Every time the doctor open a new layer of skin with the scalpel blood will comes out. There’s a lot of risk in preceding an open surgery, because if a person lost too much blood then they will die. Even though sometimes its can be a successful one. One of the solutions to this problem is endoscope. Endoscope is a medical device that substitute the scalpel when doing the surgery.

If brain transplants were possible in the future, the identity of the person may change and be more like the identity of the donor of the brain. [3] This is because it is unlike a normal transplant, such as a transplanted heart, but the brain is where memory, identity and personality are all stored, so the outcomes may be

In order for vaccines to work appropriately, they have to operate in a very convoluted way to make sure they live up to their standards. 1. Vaccines are developed by using the bacteria’s specimen that has been either killed or damaged which are dissolved in a solution. When the vaccine is injected into the body, the specimen revives that person’s immune system. After being injected, the immune system will now fight against the microbe by forming antibodies.

Medication errors are amongst the most common healthcare mistakes and are a frequent source of unfortunate healthcare events in the quality of care. Medication errors lengthen the stay in hospitals, escalate inpatient expenditures, and in the United States cause more than 7,000 deaths yearly. One-third of all medical errors which occur in a hospital are from medication errors. Not all medication errors lead to morbidity or mortality; nonetheless, a relatively elevated prevalence makes the dilemma worth addressing.

Approximately 500,000 people in the US have PKD and is the fourth leading cause of kidney failure. PKD can cause cysts to grow in the liver and in other organs; i.e. the heart and blood vessels in the brain. These complications assist doctors in distinguishing PKD from mostly harmless cysts that can form on kidneys later in life.

Cystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that affects the lungs and the digestive system. Because this disease limits breathing ability, it is a life-threatening disease. In the United States alone, 30,000 people have cystic fibrosis and 1,000 new cases of CF are diagnosed every year. Over half the of the people with CF are over the age of 18. (About Cystic Fibrosis)

In addition, gallstones and kidney stones may also develop as a result of Crohn 's disease. It is often inherited. About 20% of people with Crohn 's disease may have a close relative with Crohn 's disease. It can affect people of all ages, it is primarily an illness of the young. Most people are diagnosed before age 30, but the disease can occur in people in their 60 's, 70 's, or even later in life.

ALPORT DISEASE Alport syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by kidney disease, hearing loss, and eye abnormalities. People with Alport syndrome experience progressive loss of kidney function. Almost all affected individuals have blood in their urine (hematuria), which indicates abnormal functioning of the kidneys. Many people with Alport syndrome also develop high levels of protein in their urine (proteinuria). The kidneys become less able to function as this condition progresses, resulting in end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Embryonic stem cell research is the research of stem cells by removing embryos developed from fertilized eggs to be used for restoring tissue that has been damaged by diabetes, heart attacks, and other major injuries or disease (“NIH Stem Cell Information”). The controversy of this topic makes it difficult to decide whether it is right or wrong and impossible to respect both sides. Arguing for one side, the embryo must be destroyed to potentially save another human being’s life. And for the other, one life is always being sacrificed. Stem cell research destroys potential human life, and scientists should find other forms of research to obtain stem cells without harming anyone (“NIH Stem Cell Information”).