CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction At this juncture it is imperative that we review what other researchers have written on the subject of decision making as this is the foundation upon which this research is based. This chapter discusses and reviews similar or related researches and literature published by other authors’ articles, books, journals, reports and previous dissertations related to the topic in question and its variables in order to give an insight into the study as well as expressing the need for this study. 2.1 Decision Making According to Eisenhardt (1998), decision making is the thought process of selecting a logical choice from the available options.CIMA (2014) also concurred with this view by stating that when trying to make a good decision, a person must weigh the positives and negatives of each option, and consider all the alternatives. For effective decision making, a person must be able to forecast the outcome of each option as well, …show more content…
• Group decision making processes serve an important communication function as well as a useful political function. 2.5 Limitations/disadvantages of group decision making According to March (1994) the limitations of group decision making are; • Groups often work more slowly than individuals. • Group decisions involve considerable compromise that may lead to less than optimal decisions. • Groups are often dominated by one individual or a small clique, thereby negating many of the virtues of group processes. • Overreliance on group decision making can inhibit management’s ability to act quickly and decisively when
Often many choices can be communicated and order to make a decision and avoid judgment (Weber & Johnson,
The main factor that may have affected our group and its overall unsuccessful journey to the summit is groupthink, which is decision making unconsciously influenced by other group members (Loughead, 2015b). Having just met our group members for the very first time, it was surprising how our team interacted with everyone, communicating and sharing their opinions freely. There was no one sitting there is silence or what appeared to be just agreeing with every decision. However, I wonder if the knowledge of how important and dangerous this journey was unconsciously prevented members from expressing their true thoughts or options in order to maintain our group cohesiveness and minimalize conflict. As a group, we collectively made decisions through discussion and problem solving.
In “The Choice Explosion” by David Brooks, the author describes the state of decision-making skills and how they have affected life in recent years, specifically in America. Brooks begins with a description of a social psychology experiment on Japanese and American college students and the decisions they wanted to make for themselves. The results showed that the American students wanted to decide in four times more areas than the Japanese students. Brooks then makes the conclusion that this is the result of American individualism; this individualism has provided more choice and control over everyday life. However, the author also points out that arriving at good outcomes is no easy task, even for qualified decision makers.
Imagine that you have an opportunity to move into one of a number of open positions in your organization. Perhaps you are offered two different positions and you have to decide which one you want. So how do you choose the right one for you? To make the right choice, you have to decide what factors are most important to you in a new job, and then you have to choose the option that best addresses these factors. However this operates on two levels – on a rational level and on an emotional, "gut" level.
Psychologist Irving Janis explained some alarmingly bad decisions made by governments and businesses coined the term "groupthink”, which he called "fiascoes.” He was particularly drawn to situations where group pressure seemed to result in a fundamental failure to think. Therefore, Janis further analyzed that it is a quick and easy way to refer to a mode of thinking people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members ' striving for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action. According to Janis, groupthink is referred as the psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses disagreement and prevents the appraisal of alternatives in cohesive decision-making groups.
What are the consequences of a particular choice? How may changes in decision-making environment affect choices?
In The Dangers of Groupthink, Naomi Karten provides the reader with a few of many examples on how they can avoid the dangerous phenomenon that is, Groupthink. Karten expresses her opinion by stating, “Diligently avoid a no-criticism culture and a no-criticism decision-making policy.” (The Danger of Groupthink, 2). Being able to avoid a nonconstructive environment is an extremely courageous step that can ultimately lead to one’s success. However, for one to achieve such a large task takes a tremendous effort, and requires one to place both their feelings and well being on the line.
After this research, it is transparent, that people who are making the decision are not the only factor altering the outcome. There are copious amounts of social factors that alter every decision a person
What is the mutual aid system and what are the dynamics of the mutual aid system? Mutual aid system is when a group of people comes together to help each other. Everyone in the group contribute to a certain cause. For example a group of people could be suffering with depression. So they would all could all come together have talk to each other about ways to cope with depression.
A decision is the thought process of choosing between two or more outcomes that may or may not have a great impact. When thoroughly pondered, living life is fundamentally based on making the best decisions. Whether or not they are great or small decision making is critical. Often times, it is the smallest decisions one can make that impact the even bigger decisions later to come. Starting from the time people wake up in the morning, the will be surrounded by the most basic decisions until they go to sleep that night.
In regards to understanding the importance of decision-making in people there has been careful study and experimentation. Among the notable ideas produced by researchers in this department, is a study produced by
Everyday, people are faced with the task of making decisions. Most people decide when to wake up, what to eat, what to wear, who to interact with, and countless other choices. In a world surrounded by choices, people are confronted with easy-to-make and, conversely, challenging decisions. A decision can be influenced by one’s own experience, logic, and feelings. Making a decision is synonymous with a result; whatever choice one accepts, results in a particular outcome.
The statistical analysis revealed significant findings on two sub-scales that are control and thoroughness keywords: Decision making, Age, Decision tasks, Decision processes, Dimensions Introduction Decision making is one of the most complicated processes of the human
DYNAMICS OF GROUP BEHAVIOUR Case Analysis: TerraCog Global Positioning Systems Section B | Group 1 Name Roll Number Aditi Bhandakkar 2015073 Animesh Khare 2015081 Anshuman Thakur 2015085 Ketan Khandelwal 2015098 Tanay Mahajan 2015100 Shital Gupta 2015115 Vibha Haldwal 2015127 INTRODUCTION “TerraCog Global Positioning Systems” case focuses on the Conflict and Communication aspect of the group dynamics of an organization. The case showcases various scenarios wherein major emphasis is on group communication amongst different teams and the conflicts that arise within a group of people comprised of different team representatives and executive heads.
Managers has total authority over everything. Since the managers alone would be making decisions groups may feel demotivated and may have difficulty completing a task if it is not going the way it should be going stated by the manager, groups may feel pressured causing them to make