Language Impairment
Language is imperative in every aspect and communication in our daily lives. We interact and communicate effectively with our words, gesture or mimic to give information to the people around. Linguistic competence is at the mental level and suddenly articulated through speech organs. According to the Piaget’s theory in language acquisition that children in 5 years will have a vocabulary between 10,000 and 15,000 words. It follows that, there are some stages of language acquisition that children will pass to get perfectly language in their olds.
In comparison, there are some children who are unable to speak in their olds because of physical disability that is called as language impairment or more common as specific language
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V, 2009). Example words : mommy go ? , more juice , papa go and juice fall down.
Overgeneralization
- 2 ½ years – 4 years, children expand syntax and vocabulary, function words and omit key grammatical markers. As follows : I drinked water , I eated bread.
Speaking in Complete Sentences
Particularly, in this stage children able to speak in complete sentence or we able to say that children able to speak perfectly. Generally, children in 4 years and above are in this stage.
2. Stages of Second Language Acquisition
Shipley, E., Smith, C., & Gleitman, L. (1969) explores that child is more competent with language than adults, however nobody who expects the child to be born speaking in English or Turkish or all it without a good deal with exposure to the practice to speech of each other. According to Shipley, E., Smith, C ( 1969 ) there are five stages in the second language acquisition, which are :
- Pre- Production
Pre – Production stage is also called as “silent period”. In this stage, learners may have up to 500 words.
- Early Production
This stage last up to 6 months and learners have up to 1000 words.
- Speech
This could affect the way they interact in the classroom and their ability to develop. An example of a physical disability that could affect the way children develop is Cerebal palsy, this is a condition that affects the movement, posture and co-ordination of a person. They could just be affected physically or they may have seizure, epilepsy or difficulties with speech and language as
To acquire this milestone, a child would need to have mastered the ability to use contextualized language and have knowledge of syntax and vocabulary. Contextualized language is the discussion of things that are presently in front of them. For example, Harry shows his dad the baby passing in the stroller while they were walking in the park. Further, a child needs to have an understanding of sentence structures as well as knowledge of words to use language efficiently. A child essentially needs to be able to explain an event in a way that the listener has an understanding of what he or she is talking about since there is nothing around to provide hints.
Children with motor speech control or more likely to have trouble with morphemes, like /s/ or /z/, making it so they do not use plural forms. Another thing found in motor speech disorders is disorganized or omitted words in sentences, or sentences being simplified because they have difficulty with speech production. All of these problems with morphology and syntax can be easily fixed with the help of a speech pathologist. One major tool that basically all speech pathologist use is Brown’s stages of syntactic and morphological development. “Browns stages of development was developed by Roger Brown, the stages help determine what path the normal expressive language development in English, in terms of morphology and syntax.(1984 Brown & Brooks)”
Communication and language development would not however be an automatic feature as part of a childâ€TMs development and is almost entirely dependent on the process of learning. In the early years the child would learn from parents and older siblings, using simple words and hand gestures. As the child matures they would gain more of an understanding of language through teachers and more commonly, socially through friends. They would gain more skills in learning how to communicate and understand
Some children may have conditions such as Dyslexia, ADHD, Downs Syndrome or Autism, which will cause their communication to be different. They may find it hard to interpret what an adult is asking them to do or they may not be able to communicate what they want to say in a way for an adult to understand them. Hearing and Physical impairments will also have an effect on communication. Hearing impairments in a child or adult will create a barrier in communication where the listener will have to use a different form of communication such as sign language or using pictures and gestures. Physical impairments would include disabilities such as Cerebral Palsy or Spina Bifida in the child or adult.
There are many factors that can affect a child’s language and communication. Some of these factors can be positive; however, some can be negative. A cultural factor affecting emergent literacy could be children who have English as an additional language (EAL) this is because they know more of their native language than they do English and can be difficult to grasp another language at such a young age. Also some EAL children may have the knowledge of the English language and can speak the language however; their self-esteem, self-confidence and shyness could play a part in this and therefore may not be willing to use the English language. Also, EAL children may find it difficult to grasp the English alphabet.
This language is closely related to social and cognitive skills. The use of language in a child 's vocabulary often reflect the language that
A noteworthy topic discussed by author Michael Schwalbe in Chapter Five of his book The Sociologically Examined Life: Pieces of the Conversation is the importance of language acquisition in the early stages of one’s life and its sociological effects on society. Schwalbe leaves out the specific details of when exactly children/infants start to develop their language skills, however, it is important to note that most start to speak (i.e., voice their first word and/or phrase) at around the age of twelve months, with cooing and babbling happening in earlier months. These developments are all provided the children have been given the proper environment that allows these advancements to take place. If the child is isolated, however, as Schwalbe
Sensory impairments and language disorders may lead to delayed cognitive development, anxiety and poor behaviour. A slower or faster rate of physical development may lead to social exclusion. Communication development can be affected by a sensory impairment, or speech and language. This may also lead to delayed cognitive development and anxiety. To ensure positive development interventions are important.
He is able to complete the tasks and able to form complete sentences and form sentences that contain 4-5 words. From my observation, I realized that he has very strong ability on forming sentences as he is able to form sentences up to 35 words, much more than an usual 5 years old child. The capability to form sentences relates to Morpho-syntatic development. Children begin to put two, then three and more words together into short sentences at approximately 24 months of age. Children’s first sentences are combinations of content words and often missing grammatical function words and word endings.
1. What are the two parts of Gleitman’s argument for how children do and do not learn verb meanings? P377 Glietman’s first argument is that verbs are unable to be learned by simply observing the situations where they are used. This is because a lot of verbs refer to coinciding situations, and parents don’t always use a verb when its perceptual links are present. The second argument is that there is enough evidence in a verb’s subcategorization frames to guess it’s meaning fairly closely.
From the earlier stages of development, children learn to understand other people by tone, facial expressions, and gestures. Although these are important aspects to communication if a child is only using gestures to communicate and not words, then there might be a difficulty in language development. On average “Children will typically be able to say 50 words by the time they reach 2 years. At this age, they will start to put short two-word sentences together. Language learning increases dramatically and by three years children are using three to four-word sentences and can be easily understood by familiar adults.
2.0 INTRODUCTION Language development happens both inside the classroom (as part of a formal establishment, school or institute) and outside it. The classroom is generally considered a formal setting, and most other environments informal, with respect to language learning. “In environments where informal language development is adequate, it is possible to regard the formal classroom as supplemental, complementary, facilitating and consolidating”(Van Lier, 1988: 20). For second-language development in such environments the informal settings can be regarded as primary and the formal classroom as ancillary. The L2 lesson then becomes a language arts lesson, focusing on special language skills and cognitive/academic growth, much in the same way
This is a theory that suggests humans acquire language substantially easier during a critical period of biological development, which is from infancy to puberty. (Hoff,2005). One case study carried out focused on a girl named Genie. Genie was locked in isolation in her home and was not discovered by authorities until she was at the age of 14. Throughout her life of confinement, Genie was not exposed to a substantial amount of language.
Bilingualism is slowly becoming a popular “trend”. Those who are able to speak a second language at an advanced level and not only, are clearly considered by the society intellectually capable of great things. As a bilingual, the individual must not only know the grammar rules or achieve a high level in communication. He also has to study the cultural background of that specific language. Knowing a second language has a major impact on one’s life.