Disadvantages Of Sulfate Process
2.8 Pulping process The objective of pulping is to solubilize and remove the lignin portion of wood leaving the industrial fiber composed essentially of pure carbohydrate material. While many variations are used throughout the world, the most convenient classification of pulping method is by whether they are acidic or alkaline. Each has its own specific advantages and disadvantages. All process use aqueous systems under heat and pressure. 2.8.1 Sulfite process (acidic process) Lignin will react with the bisulfate ion (HSO3) under acidic conditions to form lignosulfonates (LS) that are soluble in water. For many years, this was the preferred process since it produced pulps of light color that could easily be bleached, used cheap chemicals in …show more content…
Thus it has grown to be the dominant process in the world. This process uses a mixture if sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide as the active chemical. NH4 [11, 12, 21, 22]. 2.9 Lignosulfonate Lignosulfonate (LS) is a lignin which has sulfonate group in structure. Mostly, lignosulfonate is soluble in water and it is a by-product from sulfite process [21]. The sulfite process is a part of pulping process that solubilizes and removes the lignin of wood depart from fiber, according, process is shown in Figure 2.7 and the structure of lignosulfonate sodium salt is shown in Figure 2.8 Lignin + sulfuric acid Lignosulfonic acid (insoluble) Lignisulfonic acid + base Lignosulfonic salt (soluble) Lignosulfonic salt + excess sulfuric smaller and more soluble …show more content…
In the addition, the stoichiometric ratio of esterification reaction requires one mole of oil and one mole of alcohols to make yield one mole of fatty acid methyl ester and one mole of water that by-product. In the experimental, the methanol should be have excess for run the reaction towards completion, due to the esterification of high fatty acid with methanol can be reversible. Mostly, an acid catalyzed reaction ratio 1:6 of oil/alcohol is normally to achieve the methyl ester yields high than 90% by weight
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