Concepts Of Discourse Analysis
The concept of Discourse
Jonestone (2002) states that the term ‘Discourse 'originally goes back to the Latin word ‘discursus’ which refers to ‘conversation’, speech’. According to McCarthy (1991) the concept of discourse grew out of the work in the different disciplines of linguistics, semiotics, ipsychology, anthropology and sociology during the late 1960s. Jonestone (2002) refers to discourse as "actual examples of communication in social and cultural practices.” There is a total range of context in which people engage in communication (Akmajian, et al 2001). According to Fasold (1990) discourse is" the study of any features of language use". Parker (1992) defines discourse as consistent set of texts that bring a particular version of social
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Differences in lexico-grammatical and rhetorical structures occur between spoken and written language, depending on the genre. Sinclair and Coulthard (1992) proposed that spoken discourse consists of at least two people taking turns who interact in an initiation and response structure. According to McCarthy (1993) written discourse analysis is a basically different way of looking at language compared with sentence-dominated models" (p. 170). Donnell (1973) proposed that written style has a higher degree of syntactic complexity than spoken form. Jahandarie (1999) determined an excellent place for beginning communication education. Jahandarie provided a systematic critical view towards the recent studies about the differences between written and oral traditions. Therefore, Jahandarie carried out a unique multidisciplinary work with lots of theories and evidences from different disciplines. There are several general differences between spoken and written discourse analysis. Discourse analysis includes spoken, written, and sign language. Although both written and spoken forms are types of social acts, and what is applicable to oral speech is also applicable to written language. The general differences between spoken and written English has divided into eight significant aspects: Grammatical intricacy, lexical density, nominalization, explicitness, contextualization, spontaneity, …show more content…
Grammatical Intricacy
Written discourse is more multifaceted and more complicated than spoken discourse. According to Halliday (1989) speech is not less organized. He argues that spoken discourse has its own kind of complexity. Paltridge (2006) suggests that as to written discourse, written mode is more complex.
2. Lexical Density
Lexical density measures the ratio of content words over grammatical or function word within a clause. Spoken discourse significantly is less lexically dense than written discourse (Halliday 1989; Ure 1971; Stubbs 1986). According to Biber (1988) content words refer to nouns and verbs, while grammatical words refer to article, pronouns and prepositions.
3. Nominalization
Here, nominalization refers to actions and events that are presented as nouns rather than verbs. Paltridge (2006) states written discourse has a higher level of nominalization. Written discourse have longer noun groups than spoken discourse.
4.
Summary Of Cognition, Convention And Certainty By Patricia Bizzell
229 Words | 1 PagesIn her text, “Cognition, Convention and Certainty,” Patricia Bizzell describes the writing process through both inner-directed and outer-directed theories in order to illustrate that the writing process is infirmed by both student’s natural thought processes and their discourse community She uses her text to explain both theories, and to argue for the implementation of a new pedagogy focused on discourse analysis. First, Bizzell introduces the inner –directed theory, which seeks to discover the writing processes through the universal and fundamental structure of language. Conversely, she explains that the outer-directed theory instead argues that the individual’s discourse community does not teach a generalized form of language but rather the
Analysis Of 'Getting Our Future Back On The Rails'
489 Words | 2 PagesThe newsletter 'Getting our future back on the rails – slowly', published by the leader of the Grow Slow Garden Group, asserts the need and beneficial factors of transforming the abandoned railway yards that is a "shockingly neglected wasteland" into a "fresh, natural land". In a firm and eloquent tone, the writer conveys that they are not a "radical group of environmentalists" but just a group who is "proud to be contributing to a greener Australia". The emphasis on this positions the readers to believe that anybody can promote to a greener and better Australia. Throughout the newsletter the writer's main contention is clear.
John Swales Discourse Community
152 Words | 1 PagesTo begin with, a discourse community is a group people having the same issues and needs address with. Author John Swales also have idea. He says. “A discourse community has a broadly agreed set of common public goals. These public goals may be formally inscribed in documents (as is often the case with associations and clubs), or they may be more tacit.”
Introduction Of Rhetorical Analysis Process
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My Discourse Community Essay
697 Words | 3 PagesWe communicate in many ways, either by email, telephone, text, face to face, social media or letters and the language we use allows us to get things done, nonetheless the language and communication method in which we chose to use can vary depending on the discourse community. Much like John Swales suggests a discourse community involves a group of people who share the same common public goals, such as shared interests, rules, structure, and vocabulary. When thinking about the several discourse communities I am evolved in, which include family, coaching football, college student, and a few friends. These discourse communities have influenced me, given me insight of where I come from and tell who I am as a person. I also believe much like Swales,
John Swales Concept Of Discourse Community
728 Words | 3 PagesIn the article "The Concept of a Discourse Community" by John Swales (1990). He aimed to define the meaning of a discourse community; then he carefully deconstructs discourse community into six fundamental attributes that are important for recognizing a discourse community. Swales’ definition of a discourse community is a group that has objectives or purposes, and utilize communication to accomplish those objectives. He states that a discourse community is presented as a more practical and purposeful gathering than speech fraternity or speech group. The six essential characteristics that Swales (1990) belief to be the core of a discourse community are its goals, intercommunication, participation, genres, Lexis, and expertise.
Rhetorical Analysis
1122 Words | 5 PagesPast leaders such as Andrew Jackson, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Marc Antony are evidence that society does not reward morality and good character in leadership. Society is drawn to leaders that have good rhetoric, propaganda, and charismatic personalities, and society supports them despite their immorality. Society is concerned about stability more than the morality of their leaders and will support immoral leaders in times of crisis to provide stability. In history there have been multiple leaders that have used rhetoric, propaganda and charismatic personalities to gain power, despite their morals.
Examples Of Discourse Communities
1059 Words | 5 PagesThe way communication changes when talking to an audience or talking to fellow people in the field is something that occurs in each. Though each of these discourse communities use different sets of jargon. The idea of making an idea easier for an audience of common people is something that happens with both communities. Another important aspect that is the same among the discourse communities is the cost. Though the cost comes from different areas, the bottom line the cost is great.
Rhetorical Analysis: The Challenger
1361 Words | 6 PagesDuring the 1980s, space exploration was a popular topic to watch, listen to, and learn about in American life. NASA had already sent a lot of missions to space, all reaching new milestones and increasing interest in space exploration. The Challenger, however, had a different mission than the rest. It was going to carry the first teacher, Christa McAuliffe, into space where she would teach two lessons. There were six other men and women on board the Challenger.
The Importance Of Discourse Communities
1554 Words | 7 PagesOne point Swales brought up was that communication is necessary to fall under the category of a discourse community and that each discourse community must have a unique way of communicating (221). That is a way of saying that each discourse community must have their own language. If a group of people are really part of the discourse community, then they will be able to communicate fluently (Swales 221). Communication and language is a very hot topic in Gee’s article and we see that when he says, “Someone can speak English, but not fluently. However, someone cannot engage in a discourse in a less than fluent matter.
Rhetorical Analysis
508 Words | 3 PagesPersuasion makes it’s way into almost every communication event I can think of. Either I’m trying to persuade someone or they are trying to persuade me. My dad was a connoisseur in the art of rhetoric. I observed him manipulate the english language to his benefit on many occasions.
Foucault's Theory Of Discourse Analysis
1274 Words | 6 PagesA discourse in this understanding is not based on the classical distinction between thought and action, it “(…) is about the production of knowledge through language. But it is itself produced by a practice: “discursive practice” – the practice of producing meaning” (Hall, 2006:165). It follows that because all social practices involve meaning, all practices necessarily have a discursive side. A discourse is comparable to what sociologists would call an ‘ideology’. It is composed of statements and/or beliefs that shape knowledge in the interest of one particular group.
Four Elements Of Rhetorical Discourse
667 Words | 3 PagesEvery day humans encounter rhetorical situations, yet hardly ever is a heated conversation or debate though of this way. Rhetoric, which is the art of conversation has been used for thousands of years across the world. Rhetorical situations constitute of four elements, the exigence, rhetor, audience, and constraints. All of these are equally the most important elements, because without each other the conversation would make no sense. The action or statement that sparks a discourse, or the exigence is one of the four constituents of a rhetorical analysis.
Five Canons Of Rhetoric Analysis
562 Words | 3 PagesThe structure of media messages is deliberately crafted and packaged to persuade, inform, entertain, and to educate a target audience. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher that created the five canons of rhetoric which includes Arrangement, delivery, memory, style and invention. All media messages have a structure using the five canons of rhetoric analysis of content. Invention Invention is the first principle of rhetoric.
Importance Of Formality In Academic Writing
1187 Words | 5 PagesIf it is a true assumption, then the paper looks at how it has come to be and in which particular disciplines. Typically, the informal writing was once much spread to spoken and written domains has also spread
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