MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERSTICS OF THE CATCHMENT
1. Introduction
1.1 Catchment
Catchment or watershed is the area of land draining into a stream at a given location. It can also be called a basin. A surface watershed divide is the set of points separating one watershed from the other. Surface watershed divides are usually mountains and high points of land.
1.2 Morphometry
Morphometry is the measurement and mathematical analysis of the configuration of the earth's surface, shape and dimension of its landforms. Sometimes called catchment morphology, because it focuses on the morphometric study of the catchment. The study of basin morphometry relates basin and stream network geometries to the transmission of water and sediment through the basin. (1)
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Morphometric Analysis of the Catchment
3.1 Morphometric analysis
The morphometric analysis of the drainage basin and channel network play an important role in understanding the geo-hydrological behavior of drainage basin and expresses the prevailing climate, geology, geomorphology, structural antecedents of the catchment. (1) Morphometric analysis of a drainage basin requires the delineation of all the existing streams, digitization of the drainage basin was carried out for morphometric analysis in GIS. The attributes were assigned to create the digital data base for drainage layer of the basin. (1)
3.2 Uses of morphometric analysis of the catchment
The drainage basin analysis is important in any hydrological investigation as assessment of groundwater potential, groundwater management, pedology and environmental assessment. The morphometric analysis has been carried out about parameters as stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, stream length ratio, basin length, drainage density, stream frequency, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, form factor, basin relief, relief ratio, channel gradient using mathematical formulae as given in table below.
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It is inversely proportional to the infiltration capacity of the basin. (1)
3.2.15 Form factor ratio (Rf) The form factor is the ratio of the basin area to the square of the basin length.
3.2.16 Elongation ratio (Re) The elongation ratio is the ratio between the diameter of circle having the same area (as that of basin) and the maximum length of the basin. A higher elongation ratio induces lesser erosion (Jain and Goel, 2002). (3)
3.2.17 Circularity ratio (Rc) The circularity ratio is defined as the ratio between the area of the basin and the area of the circle having the same perimeter as that of the basin (Choubey and Jain, 1992). A higher circulatory ratio induces lesser erosion (Jain and Goel, 2002).
The Flint water crisis has been a well known life-threatening issue for nearly three years, and yet has still not been solved. The problem began in April, 2014, when the city of Flint, Michigan switched their water supply to the Flint River in order to save money. Almost immediately after the switch of water source, residents complained about the quality of water, while city and state officials denied the possibility of an issue for months. As time went by, the supply pipes had corroded and lead began making its way into the water supply, potentially endangering the Flint population, as high blood lead levels are especially harmful to children and pregnant women, and can cause “learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and mental retardation,”
Lidali .L. Perez Period-3 HR-304 Math 12 questions. 1} Ratio- If there are 2 trees to the amount of sandboxes which is 1 what would the ratio be?
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The progressive era in the United States helped to spawn one of the first great conservative movements in the country. The conservative movement occurred as a result of the troubling theory that the fast paced urban development and industrial growth of the nation would lead to the extinction of wilderness areas in the United States. One of the most significant events during the era was that of the debate over the construction of the O 'Shaughnessy Dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley located in California’s Yosemite National Park. After an earthquake crippled the city of San Francisco in the early 1900’s, the residents of the city recognized that they would require better-equipped ways to make certain that they had a steady supply of electricity and
The flood of 1955 was a natural disaster that hit New England and the surrounding states. Hard. It was a one-two hurricane punch that would be remembered for decades to come, but how did it end up dumping itself on New England? A flood is a when water flows over dry land.
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4. Habitat alteration: Removal and reduction of natural habitat by flooding, soil erosion and water
In the year of 1890 many historical events happened. Which is why 1890 is called a watershed year. In the year of 1890 United States faced many changes with trying to expand their nation and created an empire Three of the many historical events that happen in 1890 was the Oklahoma Land Rush, The Wounded Knee Massacre, and Imperialism. Now to explain, the Oklahoma Land Rush. In the 1880’s Oklahoma was Indian territory, but in the year of 1889, the federal government opened this land for settlers.
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Oral culture as a method for retaining Aboriginal identity and rejecting assimilation through Thomas King’s “Green Grass Running Water”. Colonialism had a great effect on this history of Canada’s First Nation people. For Canada’s first known settlers, this relationship has push Aboriginals away and created a power struggle that has made their lives much more difficult. There is a low opportunity for education, many economic problems, high incarceration and removal of land. Through Christianity and political power, Canada’s aboriginals have shifted from being the First Nation citizen’s to becoming the marginalized ethnic group.
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