3.1 Feed characteristics
The dried Eruca sativa plant had 51.5 wt% straw and 48.5 wt% seeds. The oil content of the seeds and the extraction yield were 38.4% and 81.1%, respectively. Table 1 shows characteristics of the extracted oil in which high free fatty acids content in the oil is one of the most important properties. The most dominant fatty acid was oleic acid by 61.1%, followed by linoleic and linolenic acids which are valuable unsaturated fatty acids.
In addition, carbohydrates and lignin content of the plant residues have been reported in Table 2. Glucan was the dominate carbohydrate of the residues followed by xylan. In the case of the untreated seed cake, the lignin content was as high as 36.1%.
3.2 Pretreatment
3.2.1 Eruca sativa oil pretreatment
Figure 1A shows the effects of esterification temperature and time on the FFA content of the pretreated Eruca sativa oil when a methanol to oil mass ratio of 0.4:1 was applied in the presence of 1 wt% sulfuric acid. The results showed that the reaction rate and yield were significantly influenced (See Table S1, Supporting Information) by both the reaction temperature and
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Figure 3 shows the results of FTIR spectra of the untreated and pretreated straw. The absorption band at 890 cm-1 and 1430 cm-1 are dedicated to cellulose I and II, respectively, and are used to examine the change in cellulose crystallinity [1]. The crystallinity index (CI) and total crystallinity index (TCI) were calculated as the absorbance ratio of (A1430/A898) and (A1375/A2900), respectively [2, 21], and the results were represented in Figure 4. In the case of the straw, the CI decreased from 1.07 to 0.90 after the pretreatment at 100 °C for 60 min. However, the pretreatment on the seed cake was not very effective and even using the most severe conditions, the CI and TCI just decreased by 7.1% and 5.2%,
How is temperature related to this reaction? The higher the temperature the slower they move.
While the absolute value of slope of the graph for the solution containing only 0.5 mL mitochondrial suspension was 4 x 10-4, the slope of the graph for the solution containing 0.5 mL of mitochondrial suspension, 0.5 mL of 100 mM succinate, and 0.5 mL of 100 mM malonate was 7 x 10-4. Although this change is not large, it does demonstrate that the addition of TCA cycle intermediates has an impact on reaction rate. The decrease in the rate of reaction of the sample containing 0.5 mL of mitochondrial suspension, 0.5 mL of 100 mM succinate, and 0.5 mL of 100 mM malonate as compared to the sample with only 0.5 mL of mitochondrial suspension and 0.5 mL of 100 mM succinate shows that the addition of malonate inhibits the reduction of
In this test, primary halides precipitate the fastest while secondary halides need to be heated in order for a reaction to occur. Comparison of the rates of precipitation of the obtained product to standard 1° and 2° bromide solutions will show whether the product is a primary or secondary
ABSTRACT To catalyze a reaction, an enzyme will grab on (bind) to one or more reactant molecules. In this experiment we examined how increasing the volume of the extract added to the reaction would affect the rate of the reaction. The enzyme used was horseradish peroxidase which helps catalyze hydrogen peroxide. Using different pH levels, the absorbance rate of the reaction was measured to see at which condition the enzyme worked best. The rates of absorption were calculated using a spectrophotometer in 20 second intervals up to 120 seconds.
Abstract In this experiment, the reaction kinetics of the hydrolysis of t-butyl chloride, (CH3)3CCl, was studied. The experiment was to determine the rate constant of the reaction, as well as the effects of solvent composition on the rate of reaction. A 50/50 V/V isopropanol/water solvent mixture was prepared and 1cm3 of (CH3)3CCl was added. At specific instances, aliquots of the reaction mixture were withdrawn and quenched with acetone.
Vacuum filtration was performed on the crude product, then it was recrystallized for purification. Melting point analysis was conducted on the recrystallized product to determine its identity. 3. The three possible mechanisms in this experiment were syn-addition
As seen in table 1, the theoretical yield was .712 g of C_17 H_19 NO_3. The % yield of this experiment was 7.51 % of C_17 H_19 NO_3. . This low yield can be explained from a poor recrystallization technique combined with potential contamination. Throughout the experiment, the mixture changed color from green, orange, to yellowish lime, and eventually clear.
To determine the rate of reaction there are many method to be used for example, measuring the mass after the product has been added and measuring the difference in mass on the duration of a digital scale. Another method, which will be used in this experiment is using a gas syringe to measure the volume of the gas which has been produced. The cylinder inside, will be pushed out to show a quantitative presentation of the volume produced by the reaction. Hypothesis
6.7, 6.8 Synthesis, Decomposition, and Displacement Reactions Kelly Mok SNC2DE-A Mr. Cox Partner: Nidhi S. Lab performed: September 18 & 19, 2014 Due: September 26, 2014 Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to observe and compare synthesis, decomposition, single displacement and double displacement reactions and the physical and chemical reactions that occur as a result. Hypothesis
The actual yield of the reaction was 4.411 grams of copper and was obtained through the experiment
The literature melting point range of methyl trans-cinnamate is ~34-38oC (Aldrich).4 The obtained melting point of the crude was 34.5-35.5oC, which is a highly narrow range of less than 1oC difference and it also falls within the expected melting point range. Hence, the crystal lattice structure of the product is largely intact, requiring an even amount of thermal energy to melt the sample. The experimental melting point range indicates the crude product is relatively pure with minimal impurities. The percent yield was satisfactory, having a 68% yield. To optimize this yield, consider the steps in how the reagents are introduced to the reaction mixture in terms.
If only one reactant is increased, then the chemical reaction will only produce a certain amount of products after the limiting reagent is used up, and in this experiment, the most mass the reaction could produce was 0.4 grams. Although we kept adding calcium chloride, not adding sodium hydroxide in the same proportions will not yield more product, which is the main goal in conducting this lab. We should have seen a plateau at 0.4 grams to show that the limiting reagent inhibited further Ca(OH)2 production, but we made several mistakes in our experiment, which made the data unusable to conclude. Once again, the data is polluted, so these number are not accurate, but it is the data our group has to work with. The theoretical yield should have been more than the actual yield, and the percentages should have been less than 100.
We added a magnetic stir bar to mix the components thoroughly for the next step of heating them. Since this mixture is a reaction mixture we are going to use a hot plate to heat up the reaction mixture at about 90 ℃. The reason why we are using this temperature range is due to the fact of p-aminophenol has a boiling point of 284 ℃. We only need a certain amount of heat to keep the p-aminophenol and force the mixture to react with the heat, the best temperature range is 90-100 ℃ for this reaction mixture. We observed the reaction mixture temperature carefully by using a thermometer so the temperature does not go lower or higher than the desired temperature range.
Growth and Value Creation at Sunflower Nutraceuticals Sunflower Nutraceuticals (SNC) is a nutraceuticals distributor based in Miami, Florida. Prior to 2012, SNC had flat annual sales growth with total revenues of $10 million and had been experiencing financing issues due to its thin margins and high working capital intensity. Miami Dade Merchant’s Bank (MDM) was SNC’s previous financier, but refused to increase SNC’s line of credit of $3.2 million, which was limiting SNC’s ability to grow because of the working capital constraints. In 2012, SNC decided to accept an alternative financing option from Averell & Tuttle (AT), an investment bank. AT provided SNC with a line of credit of $3.7 million at a 10% interest rate for a 10% equity stake.
Introduction The goal of the experiment is to examine how the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulphate is affected by altering the concentrations. The concentration of Sodium thiosulfate will be altered by adding deionised water and decreasing the amount of Sodium thiosulphate. Once the Sodium thiosulphate has been tested several times. The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction can be examined in this experiment.