VERBAL IMAGERY
ABSTRACT
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of word length and presence or absence of visual cues on memory. It was conducted to see whether the presence or absence of visual cues leads to better remembrance of the words presented to the participant. Also the length of the words was taken into consideration to test the memory of the words shown to the participant. This experiment was conducted on 82 participants wherein they were presented with four tasks. Each participant was exposed to long words and short words with visual cues in first and second task respectively and long and short words without visual cues in third and fourth task respectively. After each task they were given a recall test and they
…show more content…
Another study conducted by Ian Neath, James S. Nairne in 1995 found that memory is worse for items that take longer to pronounce, even when the items are equated for frequency, number of syllables, and number of phonemes.
Dual coding hypothesis: One of the first explanations of the picture superiority effect was in terms of Allan Paivio 's (1971, 1976) dual coding theory. In this view, pictures are more likely than words to be encoded in both verbal and image representations, thereby increasing the probability of later retrieval. Dual coding theory is supported by the finding that participants are more likely to spontaneously name pictures than they are to image verbal stimuli. Thus Paivio stated that pictures are encoded in the memory both verbally and visually.
Mayer and Anderson(1991) performed an experiment in which one group of participants were presented words-with-pictures condition and another group of participants were presented words-before-pictures condition in which the participants with words-with-pictures condition performed better than participants presented with words-before-pictures
…show more content…
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The statistics used in analyzing the data is two-way repeated measures ANOVA with word length (short v/s long) and visual cues (present v/s absent) as within subjects factors.
PROCEDURE:
Participant was greeted and welcomed to the laboratory by the experimenter and asked to sit comfortably on a chair, facing a computer screen. The participant was then asked to read the consent form which informs them about what to expect throughout the experiment, generally and is made to know that there are no known risks involved in participation. After signing the consent form, the participant was given specific instructions regarding the task. The participant was exposed to four different conditions. They are as follows:
1. Condition A (i): Short word stimuli with no visual cues.
2. Condition A(ii): Long word stimuli with no visual cues.
3. Condition B (i): Long word stimuli with some visual cue present.
4. Condition B(ii): Short word stimuli with some visual cue
According to Weber & Johnson (2009), higher cognition levels are present when an individual has an initial perception of a situation or task. The
Then the Skinner box will be discussed, finally leading to the studies of Loftus and Palmer on the link between language and memory. The role and importance of ecological validity in each body of research will be discussed and evaluated. Ecological validity is how much the
Word Frequency Effect Abstract Introduction The word frequency effect a subject matter of cognitive psychology is one of the most well researched psychological phenomenon, research on this effect dates back several years, where Cattell (1886b) was one of the earliest pioneers who made empirical observations and demonstrated that the frequency of occurrence of a word in a language affects even the most basic processing of that word, its speed of recognition. People do not process “bassigkl” or “judhanjd” as quickly---or indeed in the same way--as they process “house” or “orange”. Later on, in an attempt to explain why words are read aloud faster than the corresponding objects or their properties can be named aloud, Cattell (1886a) suggested
The neutral stimulus was presented as tape and a stapler, and the conditioned stimulus was presented as the participants’ personal lit brand of cigarette, each for 60
An experiment was done by Ronald B. Gillam to see if specific Language Impairment Children had the same memory capacity of average 16 year olds. Gilliam asserted: each participant was tested at a level that was consistent with his or her auditory short term memory span. The study concluded that the specific Language Impairment Children have difficulty either retaining or using phonological codes and tests that require multiple mental operations (Gilliam et al, 1998, p.913). Proper information such as that given by Gillam could suggest that there are many complications concerning memory. Even after studies and experiments have been done, there are too many questions dealing with Short Term Memory; however these experiments and studies help us learn more about Short Term Memory.
The direct-access view explains that the state happens when memory quality is insufficient to review something, but rather is sufficiently solid to bring about the state. The inferential perspective claims that TOTs aren't entirely blocked off, yet set targets; instead they emerge when the person trying to remember tries to sort out diverse signs about the word. There are many explanations for the Tip-of-the Tongue, yet the cause of TOTs are unclear. These clarifications for the most part fall inside of the domains of direct-access view and the inferential
Imagery makes use of particular words that create visual representation of ideas in our minds. The word imagery is associated with mental pictures. However, this idea is but partially correct. Imagery, to be realistic, turns out to be more complex than just a picture. Imagery is used to help the reader to visualize more realistically the author’s writings.
Due to the results from the first experiment being insignificant Stroop conducted a second experiment that was slightly different. Participants were told to name colours rather than read words. There were again two conditions, the first condition participants said the colour of the coloured square and in the second conditions the participants read a word list printed in incongruent colours and said the colour of the ink and not the word. The results show that many participants took longer to do the second condition compared to the first. Many participants made more mistakes doing the second list as they were saying the word not the ink colour.
Findings show that WF plays an extensive role in most of the AoA studies. To define, WF takes place if a word is frequently met. (*) Therefore often used in day-to-day life, (eg; clear frequent vs incisive not that frequent) input and output has to be constant by this means, hearing and processing of the word thus verbally communicating them. To sum up words which is actively present within the sample's overall mental dictionary will lead to faster RT in recall, in contrast to the words which are less frequently used (Morrison & Ellis, 1995) Furthermore AoA studies have been highly conducted in the past few decades.
It took them longer to block out the reading process so they can name the color. From these results I can conclude that if the word has a similarity to the color, has an effect on the time it takes to identify the color. A notice a few factors that also had an effect on the amount of Stroop interference. The main a factor that I saw was if the shade of colors were very similar it really slowed the participant’s type down. This was clear on the modified list on items four, the word was brown and it was colored black.
To gain a better understanding of how the brain processes and encodes data when dealing with interference, facilitation, and automaticity of a stimulus in the Stroop effect, I performed an experiment using the numerical Stroop effect. With the help of the 114 Florida Atlantic University students, we performed a within-test subject design and measured the reaction time in seconds of our participants based on the four types of conditions: neutral naming, neutral counting, congruent and incongruent. Neutral naming had the fastest reaction time which followed by congruent, neutral counting, and incongruent. Significant differences were found between congruent and incongruent conditions in reaction time as well as in neutral counting and neutral
The other experiments tested contextual memory in a cross modal pattern using visual or auditory reception of the word items and contextual memory
The findings of his experiment showed that it was much faster and automatic for his participants to read a word compared to when they were instructed to name the color of the word. Stroop proposed that the participants of his study were much slower at naming the ink of the list of words, indicating that people automatically process the meaning of the word before perceiving color. This interferes with the ability to process color in the incongruent condition, and consequently delay the
A recent study involved a large group of participants who had to remember a lists of words that were presented
The participants have an option to return back to any 5 previous stimuli if needed to review any of them in their decision making process. Therefore not only the dynamics across trials was intriguing to examine but also within trials to de-termine, for example the most referenced stimuli in the decision