Early Childhood Language

Early Childhood bilingualism Having exposed what entails to acquire languages, it is essential to bring up that the focus of this conceptual framework is not to just to determine and analyze what entails an early successive (sequential) bilingualism process, but also how this process contributes to better skills ' development. Following early childhood bilingual continuum, children who get to acquire an additional language are more competent that those who don’t have the chance. To begin with, McLaughlin (1984) claims that from two to six year of age children develop their language competences through a natural acquisition process, and by the time they reach formal schooling they have already mastered them in an exceptional way. Also, points out that children play an active role on their language skills development. They get more curious to learn about the social aspects of the language, and learn to control their own actions and thoughts.

Moreover, many of the skills learned during early childhood are constrained skills. Constrained skills are the quickest to develop and master, such as decoding, fluency, and word recognition (Kintsch, 2004; Paris & Hamilton, 2009). As children acquire and become automatic in these reading skills, these constrained skills aid the child in a smooth transition to the later stages of reading development where there is a heavy focus on unconstrained skills. Unconstrained skills such as comprehension, vocabulary, and composition, continually develop over time making them much more complex with uncertainties of when or how they become automatic (Kamhi, 2009;

(3) Phonological encoding is the process in which children learn how to access and apply the thousands of words that are previously present in their spoken lexicon. It is very important because it is an absolutely necessary condition for an effective reading acquisition. In order phonological encoding to be successful, children need to find combined grain sizes in orthography and phonology of their language that permits a strong connection between the two fields. 2. Define the three problems the authors claim beginning readers face.

It also important because writing in the early years’ service is important because it allows for the integration of emergent literacy and language skills. The role of the early years is to give children plenty of opportunity to develop skills which are vital for writing, fine motor skills, hand-eye co-ordination and manipulative skills Children need to receive and coordinate correct information when developing pre-writing skills. Here are some suggestions to help children to develop their pre writing skills. Things like table top activities, teach new skills, show your child how it's done, repeat the movements over and over again, and provide some physical direction so they can feel how to perform the necessary movements. Play and draw on vertical surfaces also help with their

Early literacy plays a central role in making the kind of knowledge possible with early learning and experiences linked to academic achievements. Even though, it includes academic features to perform the process in acquiring skills; the emergence is considered most crucial. To be more precise, “children’s use of signs, symbols and modalities is not arbitrary, but is structured and reflects strategic choices by them to represent things that are important to them” (Kress, 1997, p.9). He emphasizes that children learn best at discovering and contemplating to interpret their findings, which represents their curiosity to learn and experience. Likewise, the language development in early years portrays the process of becoming; acquiring, improving

In the article Preventive Screening for Early Readers: Predictive Validity of the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS), the authors discuss how the assessment of children’s “early literacy skills can help schools promote beginning reading success for all children by improving instruction and intervention through early identification and monitoring response to intervention efforts”(p. 539). Because it has been shown that phonemic awareness and alphabetic knowledge in the early grades are strong predictors of success in acquiring beginning reading skills, the authors believe that students need to be assessed regularly through assessments such as DIBELS which can be used for screening, progress monitoring, diagnosis, and measuring student outcomes (p. 540). By screening children at risk for experiencing reading difficulties, schools can give these students additional instruction or intervention services. Assessing students often in multiple forms is important as it gives teachers progress-monitoring data that shows them whether or not instruction and or interventions are working. When it is found that a student is not progressing through current instruction, the child may be referred for a diagnostic assessments (p. 540).

Literature 1 (Journal article) Bilingualism in the Early Years: What the Science Says Krista Byers-Heinlein & Casey Lew-Williams Learning Landscapes Overview: The journal mainly focus on explaining questions regarding outcomes of bilingualism and appropriate methods to teach bilingual children which helps readers to approach bilingualism from the individual development aspect and compare bilingualism with monolingualism from micro aspect. Summary: In the journal, confusion on different languages shown by children is regarded as code-mixing and is stated that is a normal process of language development which is due to the limited vocabularies bilingual children have. Besides, it is suggested that high-quality, high-quantity, and balanced exposure

When we adjust it to language learning; the stimulus is the information about foreign language, the response is student’s reaction on the presented material, and the reinforcement is natural “self-satisfaction of target language use (Richards & Rodgers, 1987). At the same time, foreign language learning from this perspective is a matter of automatic habit formation. Pattern drills and memorization of dialogues play a substantial

She alleges that this is not true. Instead, all children have a natural ability to develop any type of language, and this is how they manage to instinctively communicate with their closest relatives. The author also suggests that if a child has the opportunity to acquire a second language during early childhood, should be encouraged to maintain it as to take advantage of the cognitive, cultural, economic, linguistic, literacy, social and school readiness benefits of bilingualism. Along with Krashen (1981), she reinstates the importance of teachers throughout the process of second language acquisition. Early childhood professionals should strive to understand what entails to expose children to an additional linguistic system.

Bilingual children have advantages in education, due to cognitive development, divergent thought, and mental flexibility.Cognitive ability relates to mental activity, such as thinking, remembering, learning, or using language. These abilities refer to representation and selective attention in language that aid in comprehension and understanding. Adults who speak two languages in childhood are profoundly affected in their cognitive development. This advantage can manifest itself in several ways. The majority of field researchers conclude that this ability allows bilinguals the advantage of diversity and flexibility in cognition to a significant level over monolinguals (Latham, 1998, 79).

Smith refused to provide accommodations. While Ms. Howard believed she was acting in the best interest of the student, she failed to contact Keesha’s parents about what had happened in the science classroom. Thus, Keesha’s parents were not given the opportunity to advocate on the behalf of their child (Weishaar and Scott, 2006, p. 72). If they had the opportunity, the parents could have filed a formal complaint or discussed this issue with the special education director of the district (PACER, 2005). Moreover, these events placed an unnecessary negative strain on Keesha’s emotional state (Weishaar and Scott, 2006, p.