REVIEW PAPER
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURE
SHUBHAM VILAS DHINDALE Prof. S.K. HARINKHEDE
T. E. Student, Associate Professor,
Department Of Civil Engineering Department Of Civil Engineering Sinhgad Academy of Engineering, kondhwa
Abstract - This paper deals with Seismic design and analysis Method like Seismic coefficient method. This paper involves the study of lateral forces calculated as per the provisions of IS 1893 1984 & IS 1893 -2002
Keyword – Seismic Coefficients, Base Shear, Earthquake analysis
INTRODUCTION –
In India, the first seismic code IS 1893
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These curves represent free field ground motion.
1. SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS
The Seismic Coefficients are dimensionless coefficients which represent the (maximum) earthquake acceleration as a fraction of the acceleration due to gravity. Typical values are in the range of 0.1 to 0.3.
2. BASE SHEAR Base shear is an estimate of the maximum expected lateral force that will occur due to seismic ground motion at the base of a structure. Calculations of base shear (V) depend on: soil conditions at the site vicinity to potential sources of seismic activity (such as geological faults) probability of significant seismic ground motion the level of ductility and over strength related with various structural shapes and the total weight of the structure the fundamental (natural) period of vibration of the structure when subjected to dynamic loading
The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (VB) along any principal direction shall be determined by the following expression Vb= Ah
The earthquakes that have been considered are 1152, those for which a location was found in the catalogues: for 956 of them it was possible to calculate also, as additional information, the equivalent WA magnitude (MLBB). Indeed, since October 22, 2004 a Guralp 40-T BB seismometer with a period extended to 60 s was placed very close to the WA one. In addition, for 134 events recorded in the period 2010-2013 the equivalent ML was estimated both by the BB instruments placed at on the surface (MLBB) and at the bottom (MLTRI) of the cave (see Introduction). To compute the equivalent ML we have first deconvolved the BB instrument transfer function to obtain a ground displacement record and then we have convolved the signal with the WA transfer function.
Why Will The Alaskan Way Viaduct Collapse The Alaskan Way Viaduct would collapse in cause of temperature, density changes, and the layers of the Earth. The layers of the Earth are the inner core, outer core the mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere, and the crust including continental and oceanic crust. In the Density Column lab we poured five different liquids into a test tube.
Juneau is in a very unique situation. The city faces multiple geologic processes that could be dangerous. These processes can be very hazardous. Some of the hazards the city faces avalanches, earthquakes, heavy snow, landslides, and tsunamis. Although the city faces regular avalanches and the possibility of landslides the town’s major hazard is earthquakes.
D., & Gibbs, J. F. (1976). Effects of local geological conditions in the San Francisco Bay region on ground motions and the intensities of the 1906 earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 66(2), 467-500. Shostak, N. C. (2009). Intensity of the 18 April 1906 earthquake in and near San José, California.
Imagine it’s April 18, 1906, just another day at your work in San francisco. Suddenly the grounds turns to water beneath you and you fall on your back. Your used to the occasional earthquake but this earthquake will ruin your entire life. For this was the biggest earthquake in all of San francisco history. SF Tourism Tips says, “The San Francisco 1906 Earthquake was one of the largest and most significant in Northern California.
Effects of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake Could you imagine if you lost everything you have ever worked for your whole life? After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck, many people lost everything they had. Over 3,000 people were left dead with a crashing economy, a city full of complete devastation, and years that it would take to try and rebuild the city. Even though the later effects of the earthquake brought people together, the immediate effects broke families apart. The reason is because so many people lost family members and friends.
The San Francisco Earthquake killed many - over 3000 to be exact. Not everything is known about the Earthquake but we do know a small bit, from Art. Paintings, Stories, Films, Photos and more. From these we know about what devastation was caused by the horrific events of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. Two of the many ways we know about the Earthquake is “Comprehending Calamity” a Personal Narrative by Emma Burke, and “The Horrific Wreck of The City” an Eyewitness Account by Fred Hewitt.
California is one of the most earthquake prone states in the U.S. Due to the state being on a fault line, it is constantly subjected to earthquakes whether they be mild or intense, which constantly puts the cities that lay on the fault line or are near it at risk. The earthquake described in Mark Twain's’ essay “The San Francisco Earthquake” is a rather “hysterical event” to Twain. He sees it as a miniscule or petite quake, where as others see it as a more drastic event. Twain's’ essay argues that the people's reaction (particularly the higher class) to the earthquake was rather excessive.
However, peculiarities of the lithosphere of the city can scare the newcomer. The city of San Francisco is in a high seismic activity zone, as very close are faults the San - Andreas (along the San Francisco Peninsula) and Hayward (on the eastern side of the bay). Small tremors come here often enough, but twice throughout its history (1906 and 1989) the city suffered the earthquake damage. The territory of San Francisco is a difficult terrain, as it has about fifty hills.
When was the first earthquake in North Carolina recorded? The first recorded earthquake was on March 8th, 1735 near Beth. Another one on February 21st, 1774 this one was quite noticeable speaking there were some reports from Winston Salem through Virginia. How do tsunamis form?
In the article “The Big One” Berkeley seismologist Robert Nadeau states “ A lot of randomness is lack of knowledge.” In this statement the word randomness is referring to earthquakes meaning we only have a small knowledge about the science of this activity. Nadeau uses this statement to convince us to realise that earthquakes cannot truly be predicted, in reality the only resource we have is presumptions. Scientists prove that we do not have enough of the necessary tools needed to produce the correct idea of when an earthquake is actually going to occur.
I had first formal exposure to civil engineering in course “Architecture 1”. This course provided me the fundamental concepts of civil architectural principles such as designing procedure, architectural component’s layouts, functional spaces as well as environmental impacts. To strengthen my concepts I pursued the courses “Strength of Materials”, “Structural Mechanics” which gave me essential knowledge about the external and internal forces occuring in simple structural elements under action of various types of loading as well as fundamental concepts in structural analysis such as modellisation, classification of structures. I gained valuable exposure to the analysis of simple structures submitted to compound loadings by the application of the principle of superposition for such cases as: unsymmetric bending, combined bending and tension or compression, combined bending and torsion, general compound loading. Futhermore, I was fascinated by the force method and displacement method for analysis of statically and kinetically indeterminate structures.
How the Mishandling of the Great Earthquake of 1906 Began the Panic of 1907 Natural disasters and macroeconomics are not two topics one would normally think to place together as affecting one another; however, natural disasters have the ability to play a large role in macroeconomics. For example, as tectonic plates ruptured on a chilly, San Franciscan morning in 1906, the American economy soon followed suit in a rupture of its own. Although the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 was a natural disaster, it is believed that its poor handling set off a chain of events that caused the Panic of 1907. The destructive decisions made primarily by San Francisco’s corrupt Mayor Eugene Schmitz and ruthless Army General Frederick Funston in the aftermath of
that zone is more subject to seismic disasters. Tectonic, volcanic, collapse and explosion, are the four different types of earthquakes. A tectonic earthquake is one that occurs when the earth 's crust breaks due to geological forces on rocks and adjoining plates that cause physical and chemical changes. A volcanic earthquake is when a volcano erupts and shakes the plates.
” Earthquake is like a place with a lot of surprises, disaster that should be prepared. “Earthquakes are considered as one of the most destructive natural disasters and can produce many types of losses, including