Earthquake is one of the most destructive natural hazards and causes casualties, financial and environmental damages every year. On the other hand, Iran is a seismicity country located at Himalayan-Alpied seismic belt, any time there is a probability earthquake occurrence, and many cities and areas with a large population, such as Nishapur, are in areas with a higher likelihood of an earthquake (Talebian and Jackson, 2004). Many earthquakes occurring in the past three decades, including the Tabas earthquake (1978), the Manjil earthquake (1990), and the Bam earthquake (2003), caused about 100,000 deaths (Yazdani and Kowsari, 2011).
In the modern societies, the civil infrastructures and utility systems are very important to support daily activities
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The same model is also used in the preparation of available software system. After that, a introduction to research methodology in the form of seismic vulnerability functions and loss estimation relations of infrastructures and also the Monte Carlo Simulation will be discussed. This method is presented in form of modeling steps of a software system. At the following, the results will be discussed and finally summary and conclusions of the proposed model will be …show more content…
Recently, several advancements have carried out about the analysis of complex urban infrastructure systems in recent years. Because of advances in the computerization of data acquisition and collection, the topology of real networks may describe in a large database. Increased computing power enables researchers to investigate larger networks and explore properties of interest that could not be considered previously. Interdisciplinary collaboration has led to more reliable solutions for more complicated problems in complex networks. Moreover, there has been a growing interest and need to understand the behavior of systems as a whole beyond reductionist approaches (Albert & Barabási, 2002). These advances have spurred progress in the development of statistical methods and computer simulations for understanding the properties of large scale networks, for providing useful insight in network designs, and for predicting network behavior in response to internal or external disturbances (Young-Suk et al.,
The earthquakes that have been considered are 1152, those for which a location was found in the catalogues: for 956 of them it was possible to calculate also, as additional information, the equivalent WA magnitude (MLBB). Indeed, since October 22, 2004 a Guralp 40-T BB seismometer with a period extended to 60 s was placed very close to the WA one. In addition, for 134 events recorded in the period 2010-2013 the equivalent ML was estimated both by the BB instruments placed at on the surface (MLBB) and at the bottom (MLTRI) of the cave (see Introduction). To compute the equivalent ML we have first deconvolved the BB instrument transfer function to obtain a ground displacement record and then we have convolved the signal with the WA transfer function.
j, the diagonal elements are made zero by replacing diagonal elements by zero. First, two matrices with the same k value are horizontally concatenated and then the matrices obtained after the horizontal concatenations are vertically concatenated to produce N1 - N2 adjacency matrix A. The numbers N1 and N2 represent the numbers of nodes of type 1 and type 2 respectively. The value of N1 is obtained by rounding the product of the network size N and the node proportion q1 of type 1 to the nearest integer. Then the remaining number of nodes N-N1 is the number N2 of nodes of
He explains that the goal of the project is to generate economic benefits ($31.5 billion) and to allow more freight trains to traverse the city smoothly, benefitting the nation due to Chicago’s position as the intermediary between railway transactions. The author discusses the importance operative infrastructure in keeping the city running. He references a splintering stretch of rail on the 75th street corridor, utilised by freight and commuter trains. Consequently, Sanburn emphasises the importance of verbal communication between the Belt Railway of Chicago (BRC) and the ‘CSX’ railroad that crosses BRC’s lines to ensure that no clashes occur. Sanburn stresses that communication systems do not reduce traffic, as trains must obtain approval from the BRC prior to transit.
Each network may have a different shape depending on how big it is, how much it expands, and in what direction it is moving in. This is defined as its structure. In order to understand all of this information I will have to look at two areas of knowledge, one of which is mathematics. Mathematics, in comparison to other areas of knowledge, is quite a selective network. It is very limited to what ways of knowing
Haiti VS Haida Gwaii: A quake-to-quake comparison (WIP) Comparison 1: Geological Aspects The earthquake that shook Haiti came at a decently strong 7.0 Magnitude, and although that may not come off as anything specially devastating, the end results caused by the sole earthquake itself weren’t something that is left to be desired. The depth of the Haiti quake was 9.9 km deep, and yet again, nothing to holler about in comparison with the Haida Gwaii’s 17.5km depth of destruction.
The impact of the New Madrid earthquake, although did not result in a lot of fatalities or destruction, left lasting effects on the land and those involved. Many did not know what to do, and it caused terror and fear in those who were ill prepared for the earthquake. It remains the largest earthquake in North America, and will always be remembered in the hearts of the Americans.
Although the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 and the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 were both horrific events that created huge destruction on the United States, they took a big toll in people’s lives in many different ways and encouraged them to take charge and rebuild back their hometowns that they loved. The San Francisco Earthquake commenced at five thirteen o’clock in the morning, with the epicenter offshore of San Francisco. The city carried more than 400,000 people during this event (Earthquake of 1906, 1). Most of the citizens who were present during the earthquake were all in bed asleep, but the early morning risers were able to witness the start of everything (The Great 1906, 5).
Introduction The definition of natural disasters is any catastrophic event that is caused by nature or the natural processes of the earth. The severity of a disaster is measured in lives lost, economic loss, and the ability of the population to rebuild. All natural disasters cause loss in some way. Fields saturated in salt water after tsunamis take years to grow crops again.
When was the first earthquake in North Carolina recorded? The first recorded earthquake was on March 8th, 1735 near Beth. Another one on February 21st, 1774 this one was quite noticeable speaking there were some reports from Winston Salem through Virginia. How do tsunamis form?
The investigation’s research question is “To what extent did the California Gold Rush have a significant role in the development of American transportation systems?” This essay focuses in particular on the growth and improvement of the transportation networks of the three main ways to California: the Cape Horn Route, the Panama Route, and the overland route. These three methods to ship goods and people were significantly impacted by the California Gold Rush and its consequent effects. This is an important topic to investigate because it is vital to understand how transportation networks develop as new methods of transportation arise in the modern world such as high speed rail and, in the future, possibly even space travel. It is necessary to
There are a lot of unexpected thing happened to our life. The Valdivia earthquake and Alaskan earthquakes is the most strongest earthquakes that ever happen in the world and this earthquakes are giving both of the two country a very big impact to their population and economy, they also losing a lot of people, housed, money and a huge of the area that earthquakes happened got damage. By the way one of the American author, Thomas Sowell, had said that “All thing are the same except for the differences and different except for the similarities” and that it true however both of them are the top strongest earthquakes but they are some different and similarity between them. Valdivia earthquake and Alaska earthquake are happened in America.
The earthquake of 2010 was a 7.0 on the Richter Scale. This large earthquake caused the death of 230,000 people. This was due to poor building structure and little warning. There were too many bodies to move and so few people who were capable of moving them (due to injuries) that the bodies would just be piled up on roads and in city squares. As a result of the earthquake, a total of 10,000 children were left orphaned.
Informative Speech Outline Speaker’s Name: Luz Singh Speech Topic: Safety; Before, During and After an Earthquake General Purpose: To Inform Central Idea (Main Goal): Help the audience prepare for a massive earthquake. A. Introduction Attention Grabber: I would like to begin by recalling the earthquake of a magnitude of 7.1 in the Ritcher Scale, that struck the center of Mexico this past 19th of September. (Transition):
Earthquakes are caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates. Due to stress they shift and cause the earthquake.
INTRODUCTION URBAN LAND USED SYSTEM Urban land use system means the system which manages the land area in urban cities. The land in urban areas should plan very well to mitigate the issues that arise in the future. Planning of buildings, roads, highways, rail ways, ports, stations and flyovers has to be planned under this system. It is very important to plan the urban land properly by placing the infrastructures in the proper places because wrong management plans will creates huge cost for the economy.