Recently GIS and remote sensing has been adopted for solving worldwide problems in terms of natural and manmade hazard assessment and management including surrounding natural and manmade resources. The main terminology here in GIS and Remote sensing to earthquake hazard assessment is to do investigation and analysis of sub and site surface geomorphology and geological features including historical seismicity data. Theilen (2010) discussed that the important factor that must be accounted for in local earthquake hazard studies is a site’s surface and subsurface conditions and expected response in the form of ground motions(earthquake shaking). According to Gupta (2003), earthquake damage within a region may perhaps differ locally, since it depends …show more content…
The soil attributes and rock structures are the main factors needed to do further investigated and assessed into delineation of liquefaction potential zones. According to Greene et al. (1994), during any shaking hazard at the time of earthquake events the sediments that are saturated and soft i.e., clay-free deposits of sand and silts are more vulnerable to lose strength and behave as a viscous liquid, thus this is simply a process of liquefaction. Greene et al. (1994) further discussed that the seismic waves that passes through saturated granular layers during earthquake events are the main actions taking place in the soil that leads to liquefaction and at this time of action, the granular structures are distorted, and cause loosely packed groups of particles to collapse where any infrastructures that are built on top are also more likely to collapse. Liquefaction is common in any earthquake event of greater magnitude (Justin, Baldwin and Hoeft, 2005). The shaking intensity is the main cause of any Liquefaction to occur. Thus Liquefaction is the process in which water is combined extremely with soft and saturated sediments or soils, normally from the actions of shaking intensity and the pressure it implies, which causes the soils to behave like quicksand (CRC, 2006). This physical acts leads to ground failure or subsidence resulting in demolition of existing infrastructure. According to NBMG (1980) …show more content…
Likewise liquefaction, it is the way forward in analysing and integrating several factors in a GIS environment to delineate specific areas of hazard zones related to earthquake. The environmental factors can be identified and extracted from remotely sense data or through integration from existing databases within a GIS environment (Yagoub, 2015). Microzonation is the process of sub division of region in to number of zones based on the earthquake effects in the local scale (Sitharam and Anbazhagan, 2016). According to Mohanty et al. (2006), earthquake hazard micro-zonation is a way forward to discover or demarcate vulnerable zones and or areas of earthquake hazard or risk where this can assist in adopting safety measures during an earthquake event.. It is also the process of estimating response of soil layers under earthquake excitation and thus the variation of earthquake ground motion, magnitude and depth characteristic on the ground surface (Sitharam and Anbazhagan, 2016). According to Pal et al. (2006) the earthquake hazard zonation in Sikim Himalaya was prepare from analysing 8 thematic layers within the GIS platform. Pal et al. (2007) have integrated several environmental and seismic data layers namely: Geology (GE), Soil Site Class (SO), Slope (SL), Landslide (LS), Rock Outcrop (RO), Frequency Wavenumber (F–K) simulated Peak Ground
Earthquakes. They shake buildings, they wobble structures, they dismantle even the most stable construction. They leave people without homes, destroy possessions. The San Francisco earthquake in 1906 left at least half of the population homeless.
The earthquakes that have been considered are 1152, those for which a location was found in the catalogues: for 956 of them it was possible to calculate also, as additional information, the equivalent WA magnitude (MLBB). Indeed, since October 22, 2004 a Guralp 40-T BB seismometer with a period extended to 60 s was placed very close to the WA one. In addition, for 134 events recorded in the period 2010-2013 the equivalent ML was estimated both by the BB instruments placed at on the surface (MLBB) and at the bottom (MLTRI) of the cave (see Introduction). To compute the equivalent ML we have first deconvolved the BB instrument transfer function to obtain a ground displacement record and then we have convolved the signal with the WA transfer function.
Question Set 7 A) What types of methods and tools are used to measure, document and analyze ancient fault activity along the San Andreas Fault and its associated faults? For example, how do geologists determine how long a fault has been active, how often it ruptures, its relative offset motion, and how much offset? Note that the term "ancient" means fault activity that occurred thousands to millions of years ago - long before seismologists were around. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale: Measures the intensity of an earthquake Richter Scale: Used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake (Tarbuck, 2013)
The story of Vasquez Rock Natural Park located in Agua Dulce, California began in 1874 when Tiburcio Vasquez a Californian bandit used the rocks to escape being capture by law enforcements. Due to the impact that Tiburcio created in the nearby communities the park was name after him. By 1970 the Los Angeles County Government acquired the rights to the park, but it was not until 1972 that the park was added to the National Registry of Historic Places. At the begging of its creation the park was populated by its first habitants the Tataviam Indians until the intrusion of the Spaniards. The Spaniards ruled the park and ruled the Indians until their death.
However, some strides are being made to better prepare for earthquakes and tsunamis. As of this year, the Pacific Northwest’s warning system for earthquakes is getting its first public test. The Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) was introduced during a workshop in February as a potential emergency planning and response system. Now it is going to be introduced to the public in preparations for any upcoming earthquakes. Similar systems are used around the globe and been proven to be extremely effective.
Although the report released by Lawson provided insight about earthquake occurrence, it cannot help scientists and geologists to accurately predict when the next earthquake will occur. However, with advanced monitoring systems and computing power may help in better preparation of future earthquakes. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake brought geologists and scientists together and led to an understanding of earthquakes; how they occur, why they occur and how the world can prevent and manage such disasters in
Homesteading: All about the Location As much as you may like to, you usually cannot just find a piece of land and start homesteading. Any number of things can stop you from establishing a homestead on a particular piece of property. Some of the considerations may be legal in nature, practical considerations, as well as, security concerns. First Concern: Water
The text asserts that there were no sweeping fires to blame, only the earthquake. This event led to the first major legislative initiative in California to recognize seismic issues: the Field Act of 1933. Steinberg contends that although this was a step in the right direction, seismic enlightenment was still difficult. The author notes that regardless of awareness, many built in areas vulnerable to harmful seismic activity (i.e. near fault lines). The author also states that California is not the only area prone to earthquakes and that typically the poor suffer more from these events wherever they happen.
A tragic thing was that after the earthquake a multitudes of fire followed right after. The situation led to the water mains being destroyed and the firefighter being left with no water to settle the growing
I would like to find out if there is a threat of larger earthquakes, how the water table is effected, and what are the health effects. I have heard drinking water can be effected when wasted water is not properly disposed of, and it leaks into the water table. The population is then subject to certain health risks. I am sure fracking causes small earthquakes, but find myself a bit skeptical about the possibility of something larger, as nothing has happened so far that can be contributed to the fracking process.
When was the first earthquake in North Carolina recorded? The first recorded earthquake was on March 8th, 1735 near Beth. Another one on February 21st, 1774 this one was quite noticeable speaking there were some reports from Winston Salem through Virginia. How do tsunamis form?
The quivering began to intensify, causing belongings to fall in residents’ homes. It was the beginning of the 5.7-magnitude Oklahoma earthquake, which struck on November 6, 2011 and resulted in significant structural damage (“Oklahoma’s Largest Quake in Decades Buckles Highway; Rattles Residents,” CNN). A journalistic study—published in the journal Geology—conducted in 2013 showed that the 2011 earthquake was actually caused by fracking, a practice in which water is injected into the Earth’s ground (“Wastewater Injection
These two plates push and shove each other causing small tremors throughout which can cause landslides,volcanic eruptions and once in a couple years, quakes with devastating results. The strongest earthquake recorded occurred in 1991 with a measure of 7.6 on the Richter scale. This earthquake left 4 dead and buildings as well as bridges and road were completely destroyed. If another Earthquake occurs, the coastal cities would be the most affected ones as they are closer to the plates.
The earthquake of 2010 was a 7.0 on the Richter Scale. This large earthquake caused the death of 230,000 people. This was due to poor building structure and little warning. There were too many bodies to move and so few people who were capable of moving them (due to injuries) that the bodies would just be piled up on roads and in city squares. As a result of the earthquake, a total of 10,000 children were left orphaned.
Background Jakarta has a population of about 9.6 million people and in the last three decades, urban development of Jakarta has grown very rapidly in many sectors starting from industry, trade, and transportation until real estate. The increase in Jakarta’s population and urban development had cause several environmental problems including land subsidence. Land subsidence is a gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth 's surface owing to subsurface movement of earth materials. The level of soil in Jakarta is slowly degrading due to the disturbance of the soil consistency, and the water level in the soil is slowly decreasing, and now the sea level in Jakarta is higher than the ground level. In another word, Jakarta has been experiencing