Easton's System Theory

Easton's system theory can be used worldwide to understand each country’s system and its policies. Easton believed that the input was essential because the government needs to create internal feedback and then support for that internal feedback in order to issue laws and run the country. Inputs are demand or support. They are the raw material or the information that the system is called upon to process and the energy to keep it going. Meanwhile, the outputs become the mechanism of the support: this might be a political decision or policy. One important way to strengthen the ties of the members to their system is to provide decisions that tend to satisfy the day-to-day demands of these members. The outputs consist of political decisions and

There are two dominant perspectives for assessing implementation outputs. First, the top-down approach takes a macro view of the application by examining the process from the standpoint of the original policy maker or the policy itself. The top-down paradigm seeks to answer the following questions: To what extent do implementation procedures coincide with original policy objectives? Moreover, has the policy been implemented as intended (Pressman & Wildavsky, 1973)? Top-down theorists like Sabatier and Mazmanian (1983) developed a scheme for gauging effective policy implementation. Sabatier and Mazmanian suggest that six factors must be present for successful implementation to

Bottom-up policy implementation encourages researchers to find more theories which support the bottom-up characteristics of implementing a policy. Civic participation and the co-production approach are very interesting concepts to explore, and will be closely examined in this thesis. Moreover, it is intriguing to study the factors that contribute to the success of ESD implementation.

2.1.2.4 Policy Monitoring

Policy maintenance means keeping the policy or program going after it has been adopted. Policy monitoring refers to the process of detecting how the policy is doing, and is achieved by gathering data about the policy. A good implementation plan will suggest some ways to collect current data about the system. It can be generated in the regular course of policy maintenance: for example, from records, documents, feedback from program clients, diary entries of staff, ratings by peers, tests, observation, and physical