Effects Of Democracies In The Philippines
ANALYSIS OF THE INCUMBENCY EFFECT IN PHILIPPINE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS1 1A thesis manuscript in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Economics, Department of Economics, College of Economics and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños. Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Anna Floresca F. Firmalino. ROMEL MARANAN AMBOY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The Philippines is one of the pioneer democracies in Asia. However, it was only starting from 1986 that congressional elections were again regularly held, after the restoration of the Philippine Congress. Since then, Filipinos have gone to polling stations every three years to cast their votes for candidates who they prefer to represent their respective districts. Just as in most developing democracies, critics of the Philippine electoral process have claimed that deep-seated representatives and the political elite control this political process. Running for office under these conditions is costly and corruption appears to be widespread (Linden 2004). Belying these criticisms, however, is the vivacity of the Philippine political system. Compared to elections in the United States, Filipino voters have a wide array of candidates and political parties from which to choose and an active and free media platform informs their vote. It has also been observed that the re-election rate in the country is one of the highest among democratic nations in the
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