2.2 Hypothesis Development: Effects of IFRS on Accounting Language
On the basis of these insights, I propose IFRS has affected the qualitative accounting language in three ways: First, I would expect that IFRS has introduced new vocabulary to the financial reporting language over time (cf. previous examples). A second, related argument is that the relevance of some accounting vocabulary vanished post IFRS adoption over time. A particularly illustrative example of this argument can be observed in the decision of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to change the titles of the individual financial statement components. For instance, the term “Balance Sheet” has been replaced by the term “Statement of Financial Position”, similarly
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Moreover, the authors’ analysis suggests that “firms using fewer negative, uncertain, modal strong, and modal weak words realize a more positive reaction from the market in the filing date event window” (Loughran & McDonald, 2011, p. 55). Jegadeesh & Wu (2013) analyze positive and negative words in 10-Ks and find evidence that both are significantly related to market reaction around filing dates. Analyzing firms’ 10-Q and 10-K filings, Davis & Tama-Sweet (2012) identify that more pessimistic language in the MD&A is associated with lower future return on assets. Moreover, their findings suggest “that pessimistic language in the MD&A provides information incremental to that disclosed in earnings press releases” (Davis & Tama-Sweet, 2012, p. 805). Li (2010a) finds evidence that average tone of forward looking statements in the MD&A section is positively related to future earnings and liquidity. Li et al. (2013) conclude that a firm’s return on net operating assets mean revers more severely, and that return on new investment in net operating assets diminish faster, if management makes more references to competition in the 10-K. Law & Mills (2015) discover that financially constrained firms – as measured by the frequency of negative words in their 10-K filings – pursue more aggressive tax planning strategies, indicating that firms’ qualitative disclosures provide useful information to reveal and predict tax
ABC offers separately priced extended warranties for appliances sold that are non-refundable and have no limits to the potential cost of honoring the warranty. Although ABC does track warranty profits and losses by appliance type, assume that no analysis has been performed to determine the rates at which cost are incurred throughout the warranty period. Assuming that manufacturer warranties provide coverage for the appliance for 1 year from the date of purchase, when should revenues and expenses of such warranties be recognized? FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) topic 605-20-25-3 (Revenue Recognition) states that in regard to extended warranties “revenue shall be recognized in income over the period in which the seller is obligated
The purpose is “to develop, implement, and establish standards for accounting and financial reporting activities are accurate and reliable, and the resulting financial reports are as accurate and beneficial to the end users.” The end users that are discussed in the purpose are the outside users of the financial statements. Outsider users are……
These balances, as well as income tax expense, are determined through management's estimations, interpretation of tax law for multiple jurisdictions and tax planning. If the Company's actual results differ from estimated results due to changes in tax laws, changes in store locations, settlements of tax audits or tax planning, the Company's effective tax rate and tax balances could be affected. As such, these estimates may require adjustment in the future as additional facts become known or as circumstances change. Changes in the Company's assumptions and judgments can materially affect amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets and statements of income
Accounting policy efficiency and reliability Target Corporation’s accounting policy is both efficient and reliable. However, in relation to the ratios discussed earlier, the use of estimates accounting policy is one that may require additional attention. This policy requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting reporting amounts in the consolidated financial statements which can link to the payout ratio, the return on assets ratio (ROA), and also the earnings per share ratio (EPS). By comparing the estimates, management makes in comparison to the actual numbers presented in the statement, it would support us to make reflections on numbers that look unusual. All three ratios connect to the assertion accuracy since their amount
What do pro forma financial statements show? There are various things Pro forma financial statement shows but first, let’s understand the word pro forma which means a financial statement based on projection and assumption of what the business future would be to determine what should be happening now. Pro forma financial statement can be thought of as a “Projected results for financial statements in the future, given assumptions about what will happen in the meantime” (Siegel & Yacht, 2009, p. 81).
Companies all over the globe will experience some sales and profit decrease. Home Depot in the growing housing industry benefited greatly from the houses being built. The accounting concept portrayed in this situation for home depot is called operating leverage. Operation leverage is when managers view a small change in revenue and magnify it to dramatic changes in revenue (Edmonds, Tsay, & Olds, 2011). With a decrease in the market for construction materials, Home Depot is experiencing a 3% decrease revenue and a 21% decrease in profitability.
An accounting memo should be a one-stop shop when it comes to forming a conclusion on an accounting issue. A company would reference an accounting memo to gather information regarding the transaction, accounting evaluation, and reason the position was taken on a problem or issue. The five critical components are listed below as a guide to prepare a professional accounting memo. I. Facts & Background • This section of a research memo is used to describe all the relevant background information to fully comprehend the needs of the transaction and the accounting behind it. •
Traditionally, pro forma earnings are lampooned as “earnings before the bad stuff”, which are lower than the figure according the GAAP. Companies may present to the public their earnings and results of operations on the basis of methodologies other than GAAP. And this presentation in the earnings release is often referred to as “pro forma” financial information. Many companies were thought to be using pro forma figures not only to exclude one-time charges, but also to strip put recurrent costs and other elements that they claimed concealed their “true” performance. “Pro forma” financial information can serve useful purposes.
A profit and loss statement or P&L is a financial statement that recapitulate the revenues, costs and expenses sustained during a specific period of time usually taken place in a budgetary quarter or a year. The data acquired by this method is used to provide information of the company’s ability or loss thereof to generate profit by increasing revenue (+) or reducing costs (-) or sometimes even both. The year of 2017 has been a rough year for major independent record labels, in terms of the album sales that have continued to decline steadily throughout the past few years due to the presence of other music streaming platforms and according to Amy Macy, “the consumers [began] looking elsewhere to satiate their burgeoning musical
Having different accounting standards in the world is a problem for multinational public limited companies and investors in order to be able to compare and evaluate financial statements (Doupnik & Perera, 2009). Due to the economic and financial scandals and meltdown in recent years, the pressure has been increased on some countries such as United States. Therefore, it must eliminate the gap between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The world of accounting diversity will have consequences on such changes, and the standard convergence of US GAAP with International Financial Reporting Standards also largely affect corporate management, investment, stock market, accounting personnel and accounting standard setters. In addition, the convergence of accounting standards will change the approach for international accounting harmonization to CPA and CFO, it affects the quality of international accounting quality standards and the effort made toward GAAP and IFRS convergence
Exhibit 5 shows that The Buffalo News has experienced a quite slow decrease since 2000, which indicated the firm has enough experience to manage MEG’s newspaper business well. Also, Buffet will become shareholder after the purchase, in result of this MEG will get more enterprise resource from Buffett. Secondly, this bid is beneficial to Marshall Morton’s own career development. To sell the money-losing business will help his company more concentrate on the profitable business. Because of the profit growth in the future, Marshall Morton’s reputation will increase as well.
Also many companies reporting related to the state of the value added or environmental information, these are concentrated in industrial sectors. The financial statements reflect the financial position of company, financial performance and cash flows of the company, it is significant to note that the correct depiction of the impacts of transactions and other events and circumstances according to the explanations and criteria identification of assets, liabilities, income and expenses go in the same outline (Brealey,
Table of Contents Abstract: 3 Introduction: 3 Functions of an Accounting Information System: 4 Literature Review: 4 The Role of Financial Statement in Managerial Decision Making: 6 Accounting Information System related to Decision-making process: 7 Accounting Information on Decision-making Process: 7 Conclusion: 9 References: 10 Abstract: This paper discussed the extended normative model and supported through a longitudinal study. It is exploring the roles of Accounting Information Systems in an organization facing financial stages. Many teams suffer the various crises in different types.
Tutorial 4 26 August 2014 Name: James Surname: Gilbert Student Number: 201404266 Tutorial Group: 1 The Relevance of Accounting History as an Academic Discipline.
The main important purpose of the accounting information system is to promote the activity of the enterprise and to form a reliable and real picture of it. In addition, the accounting information system promotes the activity of the enterprise effectively by preparing up-to-date information statements, providing as much information as possible so that the data should be understandable all users not only for the experts(bookkeepers) and tracking liquidity. Nowadays accounting software is a programme which makes accounting work processes easier and faster and which makes it possible to meet the information demand of the management. It also can support the accountants’ work, helping to compile reports by in helping to compile reports by recording and processing the events concerning the