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Electoral Process Model

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According to Brown (2003) and Fischer (2002) elections provide a legitimate and legal context in which citizens can express their opinions and views. To Reilly (2002) and Reilly (2008) it is a means towards democracy and democratic governance. Elections are viewed in the public discourse as the first step towards developing of democratic institutions and consolidating the democratization process (Kumar 1998:7). Jeff Fischer (2002) adopts an argument that it is not the electoral process per se that triggers violence, but the breakdown of this process. Fischer (2002) does not contest the crucial role that elections have in the democratization process. He says, “it is difficult to identify any electoral surrogate that has brought about non-conflictive …show more content…

EMBs conduct their activity following several principles: independence, impartiality, integrity, transparency, efficiency, professionalism and service-mindedness (Wall et al. 2006:22) The independence and impartiality of EMBs is often related to the EMB Model - whether or not the EMB is independent, governmental or mixed; or party-based, expertise-based or both (Wall et. al 2006). Independent and expertise-based models are considered in many parts of the world as the best EMBs for ensuring the independence and impartiality of decisions and actions. Models are very good whether governmental, semi-government, or independent. The role of managers in a great context has a key role in the directions electoral management take; this goes hand in hand with the behavior of the individual managers. Systems must be supported by this …show more content…

And, fourth, this election was being conducted within a short preparation time yet it was a recommendation after the 2007 elections that there is need for adoption of new technology in the subsequent elections. A marked similarity that the 2013 elections possessed which the 2007 had was the characterization of the political climate by a seemingly close contestation of the presidency. The political scene in Kenya is largely split along ethnic lines; at the 2007 election Kibaki mainly garnered the Kikuyu vote while Odinga was largely supported by Luo and Kalenjin groups... Odinga and Kenyatta are from the Luo and Kikuyu ethnic groups respectively. This immediately frames the electoral decision as an ethnic one once again (Cummings,

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