Multi-keyed algorithm of Elliptic Curve Cryptography L.K. Suresh Kumar, Supriya Akkirala, Saritha Ramavath, Poonam Loya
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering,
Osmania University, Hyderabad.
Email: suresh.lokhande, poonamloya0414, supriyaakkirala03,saritharathod311 {@gmail.com}
Abstract — Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC requires smaller keys compared to non-ECC cryptography (based on plain Galo fields) to provide equivalent security. The major advantage of elliptic curve cryptography is that it offers equal security for a smaller key-size when compared to its
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Thus this curve is symmetric about the x-axis. Key Generation by Key size
PROPOSED METHOD Let the communicating parties be called Alice and Bob.They agree upon an elliptic curve Ep(a,b) where p is a prime number and a,b are curve parameters. Next they choose a point G on the curve which is usually the generating point of the curve. Communication between Alice and Bob begins with exchange of keys. Alice selects a large random number nA which is less than the order of the curve Ep(a,b) and any two points P , Q on the curve. nA , P , Q being her private keys she computes her public keys A1 , A2 , A3 . Similarly Bob also selects a large random number nB less than the order of the curve and any two points R , S on the curve. Stating nB , R , S private Bob computes his public keys B1 , B2 , B3 . After calculating their public keys , they both compute specific public keys AB , BA for each other. Alice calculates AB for Bob and Bob calculates BA for Alice. The above computations takes place as shown below
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1.3 How do local area networks (LANs) differ from wide area networks (WANs) and backbone networks (BNs) Local area networks are limited within an organization Wide area networks extend over a large geographical distance and may be privately owned or rented Backbone network are the part of network infrastructure that feeds the connected networks 1.8 Describe the seven layers in the OSI network model and what they do. Application – this layer is specific to applications and provides services such as email, network software services and file transfers Presentation - In this layer, the data is formatted in a schema that network understands, and also manages data encryption and decryption Session – this layer establishes and controls the data communication between
In the demonstration, we only add a 2-bit (a0,b0) with another 2-bit binary (a1,b1) together. In the first picture on the last section of the Figures/Graphs, we added 01 and 00 together and the result was 01; the first LED on the right turns ON and the second LED is stilled turned OFF. In the last two pictures, 01 + 00 = 10 (the second LED turned on and the first one was OFF) and 11 + 11 = 110; the LED indicate this long results, the carry out was 1 and the sum (s1, s0) was 1 and 0. This circuit allowed us to understand the idea of full adders ICs which can be used in electronics like computers, tablets, etc. to add binaries together to perform specific functions and desired
PN sequences are used in many applications and standards such as 802.11a and DVB. Some examples of PN sequences are m-sequences (also called maximal length shift register sequences), Gold sequences, and Kasami sequences. An m-sequence generates a periodic sequence of length L = 2m – 1 bits and is generated by Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSR). Two very well known implementations of m-sequences are the Fibonacci implementation and the Galois implementation.
1. C1 then performs a permutation on vector [Y] and sends it to C2. C2 decrypts the vector and informs C1 where the distinct bit is located. By performing reverse permutation C1 knows precisely where the bit flip occurs and the two key bits that must be compared 2.
5. METHODOLOGY 5.1 Secure Multipath Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks Till date many routing protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks, but only few of them consider the problem of security [4] and most of them are developed without any security concern. So in this section we focus at selected multipath routing protocols in order to cope with the various attacks. For avoiding intruders attacks in HWSN various methods and algorithms are implemented out of that Professor Hamid Al-Hamadi and Professor Ing-Ray Chen:
For example; M = 4 bits, N = 16 bits If P(j) = 1 (Propagation); then Group(j) will be skipped X(j): m-bits of group (j) Y(j): m-bits of group (j) Cin(j): Carry in to group(j) Cout(j) = Cin(j+1): Carry out of group(j) = Carry in to next group(j+1) (j): Group(j) consisting of m-bits numbers to add Fig 5.14: Carry Skip Adder Block diagram Table 5.3: Carry out Cases Table Case Xi Yi Xi + Yi Ci+1 Comment Ci = 0 Ci = 1 1 0 0 0
line from x = y to y = x. Mathematically, x = y and y = x mean the same thing. How- ever, this is not so in programming. Run the second program.
7.7.1 Data Owners 1. One whose going to access files, one who owns file, who requires his data to be secure. 2. Data owners are responsible for encrypting the data by generating private key. MMCOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2015-2016 26 Regeneration of code based cloud storage 3.
\end{align} Observe that $p(0)=s$. Each party $P_i$ is given by the share $p(i)$ which is a linear combination of the random inputs and the secret. Therefore, any group of $t$ parties can reconstruct the secret $s$ by computing the Lagrange interpolation formula (described below) in which $x$ is substituted by $0$. \subsection{Lagrange Interpolation} \emph{Let $i\in \mathbb{Z}$ and $S\subseteq\mathbb{Z}$, the Lagrange basis polynomial is defined as $\bigtriangleup_{i,S}(x)=\prod\limits_{j\in S,j\neq i}(\frac{x-j}{i-j})$. Let $f(x)\in\mathbb{Z}[x]$ be a $d^{th}$ degree polynomial. If $|S|=d+1$, from a set of $d+1$ points ${(i,f(i))}_{i\in S}$, one reconstruct $f(x)$ as follows:\\} \begin{align}\label{equ:3-1} f(x)=\sum\limits_{i\in S}f(i)\cdot{\bigtriangleup}_{i,S}(x).
It has helped to describe the parameters with an emphasis on lifetime of network, reliability, and the dynamic and static of single and multi-hop networks
Introduction For two days, on the 14th and 15th of April, a field excursion to Hastings Point, New South Wales was conducted. At Hastings Point, topography, abiotic factors and organism distribution were measured and recorded, with the aim of drawing links between the abiotic factors of two ecosystems (rocky shore and sand dunes), the organisms which live in them, and the adaptations they have developed to cope with these conditions. Within these two ecosystems, multiple zones were identified and recorded, and this report also aims to identify the factors and organisms associated with each zone. Lastly, using data and observations from the past, predictions for the future of the rock pool ecosystem were made.
The purpose of this lab was to change pennies from copper to silver to gold, like alchemists have attempted to do in history. Through the data and observations gathered throughout this experiment, it can be concluded that the pennies were not changed into a different element. For example, the density of the penny from 2005; which was the penny that was experimented on to see whether or not it could turn into silver; was 4.62 g/cm3 before the experiment and 4.89 g/cm3 by the end of the experiment. If this copper penny really would have turned into silver, then the density of the penny would be 10.49 g/cm3; which is the density of silver; by the end of the experiment. The penny may have turned silver in color, but this was only because it was plated in the zinc that was added to the beaker of water in the experiment.
Susan Mckinney Week 3 MOS 1 Discussion Thread What measures can be taken to guarantee the security of EHRs? So many things can be done to insure the safety of patients Electronic Health Records (EHR).
Abstract The purpose of carrying out this experiment was to investigate the phenomenon of Newtons’s Rings, to gain a better understanding of the theory Newton developed as well as to calculate the radius of curvature of a plano-convex lens and the thickness of a section of optical fibre. The effect is named after Isaac Newton who first studied it in 1717. The pattern observed appears as a series of concentric bright and dark fringes, which has its centre at the point of contact between two surfaces.
IOT (Internet of things) plays a crucial role in smart home technology. These devices share user’s data between two devices. Raspberry Pi is the technology we use for building a smart home. Nowadays, we use technologies like Zigbee and Z-wave for protocol communication in building a smart home. - Smart TVs, connected to the internet to access any apps like music and videos.