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Paul Ekman's Four Basic Emotions

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Emotion is any conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of pleasure or displeasure (Wikipedia). Although there are apparently many different types of emotions, they all have some common characteristics. Emotions are mainly non-purposeful and instinctive. Those acting principally on the emotions they are feeling may seem as if they are not thinking, but mental processes are still essential, exceptionally in the interpretation of events. In the perspective of basic emotions written by Paul Ekman (1999), fear, anger, disgust, sadness and contempt, all negative emotions, differ in their appraisal, antecedent events, probable behavioral response, and physiology. Same goes to amusement, pride in achievement, …show more content…

In the research done by Paul Ekman (1999), his research findings led him to classify six emotions as basic: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise. Due to these basic emotions are believed to be differentiated by an individual’s facial expression and biological processes, they are well described as “discrete”. Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman’s perspective but developed the “wheel of emotions”, suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation.
Although emotion is a universal phenomenon experienced by everyone, there are some criticisms based on the cultural considerations. Ethnographic and cross-cultural studies of emotions have demonstrated the diversity in which emotions differ with cultures. The biggest evidence that conflicts with the universality of emotions is language. Variety within language precisely correlates to the differences in emotion presentation. Hence, in this case, I would like to propose to research on emotion as well as text to maximize the accuracy and contribution towards social media …show more content…

Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. It is often widened to include musculature, organs such as liver and kidney, and the brain and other edible tissues. (Radomir, L.) Human being have hunted animals for meat since prehistoric times. Most of the meat consumed comes from domestic animals and aquatic organisms. Meat can be subdivided into four categories which are red meat, poultry meat, seafood and game meat. Among mammalian species, the meats consumed by humans are primarily from cattle, pigs and

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