Endel Tulving: A Brief Summary

Smith and Kosslyn (2007) define memory as a set of representations and processes by which information is encoded, consolidated, and retrieved. (p. 538). Models have been developed to show processes such as short-term storage that allows for problem solving and for how memory is processed from sensory input to long-term storage. Although, there are many representations of these types of processes, only a few will be discussed in this paper. As credit is due to all the theories and tasks that have been completed to give evidence that these processes do exist; at the present day moment experts still are not sure exactly how our brain works. Experiments done to study the processes built evidence neurologically that parts of the memory systems do show activity in parts of the brain. Making many of these modalities and processes valid and reliable when considering the main sections of memory. Consider the two main sections of memory: short term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory and long-term memory both have been examined through machinery such as a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan to prove that these processes do show through brain activity thus increasing our understanding of memory. Let us begin by further discussing long-term memory then short-term memory before attempting the contrivance of working

Amnesia is the total or partial loss of memory and can affect different types of memory (Madan, 2011). In order to be able to help those with amnesia using the best treatment, the different forms of amnesia need to be understood correctly. In knowing this, the treatment can be designed around the type of amnesia, with the cause, symptoms and ways to help becoming more specific and focused. By studying the diseases and improving our knowledge of the roles that memory plays we can increase our understanding of the brain structures and how the types of memory fit together. In this essay I am going to look at Psychogenic Amnesia (PA) and Organic Amnesia (OA),

Memory is an idea that people often rely on for important information, however, it is something that we cannot often always rely on. Although we all believe that our memories are true, researchers have found just how easy it is to implant another idea into our brain. Multiple studies have been conducted demonstrating just how simple it is to misconstrue a false idea to be real. Researcher Bartlett (1932) was able to give us key terms to identify the concepts of memory which are reproductive and reconstructive memory. Reproductive memory is accurate memory, but reconstructive memory is trying to remember ideas and concepts but contain many errors (Bartlett, 1932, p.) These words are very important in understanding the concept of memory because

Good friend, W. (2012, December 4). Amnesia in '50 First Dates ' Retrieved July 21, 2016, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/psychologist-the-movies/201212/amnesia-in-50-first-dates

Human memory is becoming a worldwide investigation in the fields of psychology. Atkinson-Shiffrin model suggests long term and short term memory. The model believes that long term memory is caused by several rehearsals such maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, and distinctiveness. Similarly levels of processing—depth of processing, which involves shallow processing and deep processing—involve processes that influence memory. However, unlike Atkinson-Shiffrin model, levels of processing do not distinguish memory into short term and long term. The theory believes that elaborative rehearsal, or deep processing, improves long term memory. Craik and Lockhart (1972) proposed that deep level of processing led to longer lasting memory while

The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao and Bless Me, Ultima are stories told to us years after the fact. In Yunior’s case, enough time has passed for his ex-girlfriend Lola to have borne a daughter by another man. And Lola’s daughter is old enough for Yunior to be able to observe how she has “her mother’s [strong] legs.”

Although on the surface, the element of memory in the study of psychology may seem basic and rudimentary, the depths of memory are essentially, untapped. To truly understand the depths of memory, one must understand the storage of memory, the recollection of memory, and the processes of sharing memories. In order to obtain a better understanding of the subject matter, the examination of the independent documentary, Stories We Tell, was applied. Memory is also conceptualized into types, stages, and processes. These principles were measured in the lucrative and thorough examination of a childhood memory. In order to ensure the reliability and validity of the memory, the use of self-recollection, the use of recording, and the use of sharing with

Roughly all science fields have a history of making discoveries by accident. Neurology, in particular, struggled in its early days to understand the brain due to the limited resources and information available about its numerous function. Humans that were victims of their own mistakes or had genetic disadvantages helped the scientific community gather more data about the beauty and misfortunes that the mind possesses. It is understandable that humans label everything, it is our nature; however, Charles A. Riley II is correct in Disability and the Media: Prescriptions for Change about the public and the media needing to stop using people that were unfortunate victims of inevitable events and instead, they should be covered in a fair and accurate

Jim had an inaccurate flashbulb memory of the experience of the day he found out his parents had won the lottery. There are various factors that could lead him to false memories. Failure to encode the event properly, childhood amnesia, the misinformation effect, and the memory being falsely implanted in him by someone else are all possible explanations for his inaccurate memory.

In a study conducted by Elizabeth F. Loftus (1993), an American psychologist, titled The Reality of Repressed Memories she made an effort to leave no stone unturned on the subject of repressed memories. She made mention of many popular published articles like that of an eight-year-old girl named Susan Nason who was murdered in 1969. Her then best friend Eileen Franklin remembered the horrifying murder of her best friend by her father George Franklin Sr. Eileen’s repressed memory started coming back to her bit by bit and later it came like a flood. The memory came back when she was playing with her children one afternoon and she remembered her father sexually assaulting Susan before

An understanding of human memory is substantial in the study of cognition. As one of the most essential and influential cognitive process, memory affects various aspects of our daily life. Examples of its importance include functioning in everyday life, recognizing faces of people around us, remembering some of our basic skills that we gained through knowledge and experience. Mainly, without memory we would have the same lack of knowledge as newborn infants. (Eysenck, 1997)

This paper serves as a reaction to the article “Oh Where, Oh Where Have Those Early Memories Gone? A Developmental Perspective on Childhood Amnesia” by Patricia J. Bauer, PhD. The article expresses the author’s thoughts on Childhood amnesia, rather the rates that children and adults forget early life experiences. It addresses forgetting rates of you children and adults. I agree with the author’s thoughts related to age progression and the rate of forgetting.

In fact, the most prominent difference between the article and the text is when we talk about short-term memory versus long-term memory. In the textbook, long-term memory is divided into declaration (explicit) memory, memory with conscious recall, and nondeclarative (implicit) memory, memory without conscious recall. As for the article, it divides short-term memory, not long-term memory, into declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. Thus, we can see that not only their main subject is different and so is their division, even though they are meant to refer to the same thing. Although they might have some differences, they do agree on certain aspects such as anterograde and retrograde amnesia. They both refer to anterograde amnesia as the loss of memory that happened prior to the event and retrograde amnesia as the incapacity of forming new memories after the trauma or

However, it differs from the idea of recovered memories in that dissociative amnesia is a diagnosable psychological disorder that causes patients to forget entire periods of time rather than specific events. Some contrast the two phenomena by describing repression as a “horizontal split in the memory system,” while dissociative amnesia is a “vertical split” (Leong, Waits, & Diebold, 2006).

Recent research in psychology has explored the various theories about early childhood memories and infantile amnesia, and how these theories could possibly explain why adults have been unable to remember little to nothing before the ages of 3.5 to 4 years. Unlike the name of this phenomenon, infantile amnesia goes beyond the memories of infancy and inhibits the recollection of memories created for the first 2.5 years of life. Although most adults can recall memories for events that have happened during the ages of 3 and 6 years, very little information can be remember in comparison to memories recalled after 6 years (Bjorklund, 2012). According to David F. Bjorklund (2012), infantile amnesia could be attributed to the lack of ability to create autobiographical memories at such a young age. Autobiographical memories are long lasting memories that are the foundation of individuals’ life accounts (Bjorklund,