The Endocrine System

Endocrine System :-

“The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produces the hormones which regulater the metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function,reproduction sleep and mood among other things.”Nov 2014.

The body functions on the control of endocrine system. The hormones seriated is travelled to all parts of the body. It maintains the tissues and organs. The endocrine system is governed by the areas as follows:-

1. Reproduction

2. Responses to stress and injury

3. Growth and sexual development

4. Body energy level

5. Internal balance of body systems

6. Bone and muscle strength

Classes of Hormones

Hormones are classified into 2 categories depending on their chemical make-up and solubility: water-soluble

As their name indicates, these hormones are soluble in water. Water-soluble hormones are unable to pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and are therefore dependent upon receptor molecules on the surface of cells. When a water-soluble hormone binds to a receptor molecule on the surface of a cell, it triggers a reaction inside of the cell. This reaction may change a factor inside of the cell such as the permeability of the membrane or the activation of another molecule. A common reaction is to cause molecules of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to be synthesized from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) present in the cell. cAMP acts as a second messenger within the cell where it binds to a second receptor to change the function of the cell’s physiology. Lipid-soluble hormones: Lipid-soluble hormones include the steroid hormones such as testosterone, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. Because they are soluble in lipids, these hormones are able to pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and bind directly to receptors inside the cell nucleus. Lipid-soluble hormones are able to directly control the function of a cell from these receptors, often triggering the transcription of particular genes in the DNA to produce "messenger RNAs (MRNAs)" that are used to make proteins that

The decline in glucose leads to seductions in insulin secreting tumor. The hypoglycemia i.e. the fincling of a low blood glucose concentration together with an increased insulin concentration demonstrates in appropriate feedback Such a characteristic of a tumor in another example with patient showing increased blood calcium concentrations should have low levels of PTH in circulation. The high PTH levels in patient’s measures the indication of malfunction, the level of the parathyroid is associated aften with parathyroid adenoma.

The patterns of secretion of hormones vary tremendously. The thyroids hormones tend have less variability than the steroid hormones and only show moderate of daily or weekly variation. The blood levels of the adrenal steroid cortisol, also shows much fluctuation Occasionally bursts of secretion followed by periods of low activity (Low blood leves occurring throughout the day).

Review/revision May 2013 by Robert J. kemppainen, DVM ,