English As International Language
The rapid growth of the use of English as an international language for international or cross-national communication has observably been continuing since World War II. In an era of globalization, English has become a global language and is no longer owned by the` inner circle nations (See Figure 1 in section 1.5) and native speakers (Graddol, 1997). The emergence of an EIL as a global language or lingua franca signifies that most English-based interactions are with other non-native speakers. Behind the movement from an EFL model to an EIL model, there have been and continue to be major changing factors such as the movements of demographic, economic, technological, societal, and linguistic aspects (Graddol, 2004).
The idea of positions of English is capsulized in Brumfit’s book, Individual Freedom in Language Teaching (2001), and it mentioned the position of English in our modern history. The reality is that non-native speakers of English outnumber native speakers, and the non-natives will be a main agent in the ways English is used and maintained. Smith (1976) defined EIL as a language that is used by people of different nations to communicate with one another. He predicted the future of English as an international common language as follows (Smith, 1976):
English is a means to communicate to the rest of the world their identity, culture, politics, and way of life. One doesn’t need to become more Western or change one’s morals to use English well in international
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