Environmental Pollution In The Philippines

The Philippines is considered geologically as an archipelago. Its islands are surrounded by bodies of water that would later on receive the industrial wastes of its growing society. The aftermath of the accumulation of these wastes are considered pollution. These wastes are considered environmental contaminants and may take forms such as toxic wastes, surfactants, oils, and heavy metals. The specific branch of science that deals with these environmental contaminants is called Toxicology. To be precise, toxicology deals with the study of poison, that is any particular substance that causes adverse effects to living organisms upon exposure (Hodgson, 2004).

There are many characteristics and principles that define heavy metals. To simplify

There are numerous companies that cater mining operations in the country. The amount would soon increase as industrialization grows with the economy. This poses a threat of heavy metal contamination to the environment by either induced or natural cause. In 2012, Taganito Mining Corp. (TMI), a nickel mining firm, faces controversy of polluting the bay area of Surigao del Norte. Amidst its claims that a “natural phenomenon” cause by rainfall polluted the bay area, an aerial survey was conducted by Leo Jasareno, Director of Mines and Geosciences disproves this as he discovered that pollution in the Claver Bay was brought upon by the siltation of TMI’s mining operations (Caliguid,

The snail’s life cycle is well studied, has a relative short observation time, and has transparent eggs which are easily seen in light microscopes thus making it an ideal model for toxicity studies. Embryos and juvenile R. quadrasi was used in following: renewal test, acute toxicity test, sublethal test and joint toxicity test. Exposing R. quadrasi to the following heavy metals: Arsenic, Aluminum, Chromium and Nickel has resulted to a number of abnormalities to the development of the embryos such as edema, retardation, and thinning of the shell; they also observed a lower rate hatchability and longer incubation time (Factor and de Chavez, 2012). From their study, the researcher would expect the following abnormalities in the embryos and juveniles of R. quadrasi however at a different degree of concentrations.

Joint Toxicity of Heavy