Enzymes have always been known as natural catalyst . They are consist of many types consist of proteins that work to speed up any chemical reaction required for a specific action or nutrient. This function is very important and desire in almost all fields in our life , starting from our dairy products , with no end line , because its almost everywhere . a question raise up here , what are the application of these enzymes in industry field ? how important are enzymes in industry ?. In this report we will highlight the application of enzymes in six different industrial fields , which are : dairy , paper, textile, bio-fuel, fruits juice, and detergents respectively .
In dairy manufacturer, some enzymes are needed for the production of yogurt,
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To ripened cheeses we have to add the external lipases during the production to increase flavor. Lipases enzyme are obtained from throat of sheep, goat and cow which enhance flavor of cheese .
3) catalase enzyme
Catalase enzyme are general terms used in one particular area of cheese production. Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizer and poisonous to cells so Its used instead of pasteurization for making certain cheeses. in order to maintain natural milk enzymes that are useful to the end product and cheese taste development .However, remaining part of hydrogen peroxide in the milk will prevent bacterial cultures that are required for production of actual cheeses. Catalase is an enzyme that obtain from microbial sources or cow livers.
4) Rennet enzyme
This enzyme is used to break down protein to manufacture of cheese. chymosin is one of the most common enzyme isolated from rennet by cloning calf prochymosin genes into bacteria. This enzyme are extracted from stomachs of young ruminant animals (like lambs and calves ).
5) proteases
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With the increased demand of paper, 50% of tree is used in production of pulp by means of chemical and mechanical process. The trees are highly consumed in production of paper which drives the attention towards resource depletion. In care for resource depletion, science has invented the recycling process to save the resources and utilize the maximum of any resource by reuse of the product.(Buchholz, Kasche & Bornscheuer, 2012) In the process of paper recycling, the paper and and water is mixed and chemicals are used to dissolve the paper into pulp. Pulp is then sieved to remove plastic bits and glue globs by mans of mechanical screening process. The distinctive colour of pulp in the recycling process is washed away in the process of deinking. Using enzymes such as cellulose Novozyme 342 and amylase Novozyme helps in losing the ink from paper fibres. The use of these enzymes helps in improving the removal and extent rate of the ink on the
Example of enzymes involved in biological processes are classified into; oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerase and ligases. Catalase an oxidoreductase and among the vital enzymes in the body, it catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
Title: Enzymes Abstract: Enzymes can catalyze chemical reactions by speeding up the chemicals activation energy. Temperature and pH are just two of the factors that affects enzymes and their involvement with chemicals and the way they function. Throughout this experiment, we conducted a study on peroxidase, which is an enzyme. The following information consist of the recordings of when it was exposed to four different pH levels to come up with an optimum pH and IRV at the end. Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that are used in reactions in living organisms.
Introduction: Enzymes are needed for survival in any living system and they control cellular reactions. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed for molecules to begin reacting with each other. They do this by forming an enzyme-substrate complex that reduces energy that is required for a specific reaction to occur. Enzymes determine their functions by their shape and structure. Enzymes are made of amino acids, it 's made of anywhere from a hundred to a million amino acids, each they are bonded to other chemical bonds.
Target Corporation experienced steady financial growth from 2006 through 2012. Its total revenues increased sharply by opening 118 new stores, including 33 Super Target stores. In 2008, Target reported a 41 percent decrease in fourth-quarter profits, ending this slide by January 2009. It attributed the loss to a drop in retail sales and an increase in credit card delinquency. Target’s 2010
Abstract This experiment showed that temperature, concentration and pH all affect the rate of enzyme reaction differently. Enzymes are very important in organisms and therefore understanding how and why they work the way they do in specific conditions is crucial. The results showed that an increase in temperature would also increase the reaction rate, until a temperature that was too high, where the enzymes began to denature and therefore the rate of reaction was slowed down. As concentration was increased, the reaction rate continued to increase.
Enzymes are a form of protein that lowers activation energy and speeds up reactions as a catalyst. They are made by the stringing together of an abundant amount of amino acids and folded into a specific shape for chemical reactions. Turnip Peroxidase is the enzyme used in this lab and is derived from the vegetable. Enzymes are not used up or permanently altered by their environment Peroxidases are found in a range of organisms and function to break down alcohol (H2O2) and creates byproducts of oxygen and water. In this experiment, the reducing agent guaiacol is added with the substrate, hydrogen peroxide, to create water and oxygen.
Explain why the enzyme is still active even though the liver cells from which you obtained the enzyme were no longer living? Because it is still a
Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration Materials and Methods Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity 1. Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced 2. Independent Variable pH 3. Controlled Variables temperature, amount of substrate (sucrose) present, sucrase + sucrose incubation time Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity 1.
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions enabling more products to be formed within a shorter span of time. Enzymes are fragile and easily disrupted by heat or other mild treatment. Studying the effect of temperature and substrate concentration on enzyme concentration allows better understanding of optimum conditions which enzymes can function. An example of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is enzymatic hydrolysis of an artificial substrate, o-Nitrophenylgalactoside (ONPG) used in place of lactose. Upon hydrolysis by B-galactosidase, a yellow colored compound o-Nitrophenol (ONP) is formed.
Introduction: Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of a reaction without being chemically changed. Enzymes are globular proteins that contain an active site. A specific substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme chemically and structurally (4). Enzymes also increase the rate of a reaction by decreasing the activation energy for that reaction which is the minimum energy required for the reaction to take place (3). Multiple factors affect the activity of an enzyme (1).
Bio Chem lab Report 04 Enzyme Biochemistry Group Member: Chan Man Jeun Duncan (16002621) Law Sze Man (16000478) Introduction Enzyme is a protein base structure substance in our body. It works at a biocatalyst that will catalyzing the chemical reaction, which helps to speed up the chemical reaction. Enzyme could only function in specific shape, and the shape of enzyme is depending on the environment, therefore it is hard for an enzyme to function well in an extreme environment. The aim of this experiment is to see can the enzyme functions normally in different environment(pH, temperature and salt concentration) via using starch solution, amylase from saliva, 0.5M HCl solution, 0.5M NaOH solution and NaCl solution, and using iodine solution
Maia Naylor and Margot Cathelin 10/21/2015 Grade 9 Enzyme Lab Report Purpose: Which temperature of potato (freezing, room temperature, boiling) when added to hydrogen peroxide, would produce the most enzyme activity? Research Question: How does hydrogen peroxide break down enzymes?
By observing figure 3, the more enzyme that is available, the faster the reaction rate is. The optimal enzyme concentration was chosen based on the R2 values from figure 2. The highest observable rate also had the best R2 number, which was closest to one. This enzyme concentration was used in part 2.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the experiments for week 5 and week 6 support each other in the further understanding of enzyme reactions. During week 5, the effects of a substrate and enzyme concentration on enzyme reaction rate was observed. Week 6, the effects of temperature and inhibitor on a reaction rate were monitored. For testing the effects of concentrations, we needed to use the table that was used in week 3, Cells.
Usually, the microbial enzymes have various potential uses in industries and medicine. The microbial enzymes are also more reliable than plant and animal enzymes as they are more stable and active. Also the microorganisms demonstrate an alternative source of enzymes because they can be cultured in large quantities in a short time by fermentation and owing to their biochemical diversity and susceptibility to gene manipulation. Industries are looking for new microbial strains in order to produce different enzymes to fulfil the current enzyme