Enzymes Lab Report

Enzymes are homogeneous biological catalyst that work by lowering the activation of a reaction pathway or providing a new pathway with a low activation energy. Enzymes are special biological polymers that contain an active site, which is responsible for binding the substrates, the reactants, and processing them into products. As is true of any catalyst, the active site returns to its original state after the products are released. Many enzymes consist primarily of proteins, some featuring organic or inorganic cofactors in their active sites. However, certain ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules can also be biological catalysts, forming ribozymes.

Abstract: Drug companies must apply the knowledge gathered from the effects of substrate concentration in an enzyme catalyzed reaction. The awareness of inhibitors must be applied so that their developed drugs do not inhibit enzymes. It would be important to consider substrate concentrations in relationship to target enzymes that are exposed. Competitive inhibitor drugs compete with high concentrations of ATP in the cell and proteins inside the cell contain lower concentrations. Thus the knowledge of the effects of substrate concentration on enzyme activity would aid drug designers in utilizing competitive inhibitors that will inhibit the enzyme more effectively.

Substrates are molecules that enzymes could act upon and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Enzyme catalysis is needed in almost all metabolic processes in order to happen in rates/ways that are fast enough to sustain life. (wikipedia. 2018. enzyme. [ONLINE] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme.

the determination of the steps in a biochemical pathway. In the experiment conducted by Beadle and Tatum, they could find the biochemical reactions controlled by many genes. Hence it is correct. B. the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis. It is also true.

The lab that was simulated directly correlated to many of the topics discussed in class, like explaining the importance of enzymes and measuring the enzymes’ ability to function under different conditions. The breaking of the toothpicks symbolizes the catalyzation of substrates in a cell. This deepens the understanding of the purposes of an enzyme and what affects each one of them. The conditions that were present in the lab showed that the enzyme is exposed is not perfect at all times and that the effect that they have is vitally important to the performance of the enzyme, and more importantly, the organism that it is living in. So this raises one question to mind; What causes the reaction rate to slow down the

The function of an enzyme is determined by its structure, thus the order in which the amino acids are in make up the enzymes specific shape. The precise way that the amino acids are twisted and folded creates a distinctive shape of the enzymes active site. This active site is now open for substrates which are reactant molecules. Once the substrates go into the enzymes active site they bond together and then leave the enzyme, making the enzyme ready for another set of substrates. The function of enzymes is to speed up reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy needed to get the reaction started.

There are of two kinds of nanorobots; assembler and self replicators. Assembler are the nanorobots which are off different shapes and are able to combine the atoms and molecules of different shapes which can be controlled by specified programs. Self-replicators are a sort of assemblers that are capable of duplication and the construction of the large-scale application. Nanorobotics can play a major role in the field of medicine. It especially targets on the inventions into the human body through the vascular

Introduction 1.1 Aim: To determine the kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km, of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme through the determination of the optimum pH and temperature. 1.2 Theory and Principles (General Background): Enzymes are highly specific protein catalysts that are utilised in chemical reactions in biological systems.1 Enzymes, being catalysts, decrease the activation energy required to convert substrates to products. They do this by attaching to the substrate to form an intermediate; the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme. Then, another or the same enzyme reacts with the intermediate to form the final product.2 The rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions is influenced by different environmental conditions, such as: concentration

Catalase Activity on Substrate Based On Gas Pressure Production Rate Name of the Class Author’s Name Date Enzymes are organic compounds which act as catalysts and speed up biological reactions in biological organisms. They are not destroyed or changed during the reaction but rather they are used over and over again to catalyze many more reactions. Their activity may be affected and altered by factors such as temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration and Ph. Example of enzymes involved in biological processes are classified into; oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerase and ligases. Catalase an oxidoreductase and among the vital enzymes in the body, it catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

The integration of nanomaterials with biology has led to the development of diagnostic devices, contrast agents, analytical tools, physical therapy applications, molecular sensors and drug delivery vehicles. From all nanomaterials with antibacterial properties, metallic nanoparticles provide the best results. Several types of NPs, including various Molecules of 30 metal and metal oxides, have been developed and evaluated by different research groups; examples include silver (Ag), gold (Au), Ag oxide (Ag2O), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), calcium oxide (CaO), copper oxide (CuO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and silicon dioxide

Introduction: Enzymes are needed for survival in any living system and they control cellular reactions. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed for molecules to begin reacting with each other. They do this by forming an enzyme-substrate complex that reduces energy that is required for a specific reaction to occur. Enzymes determine their functions by their shape and structure. Enzymes are made of amino acids, it 's made of anywhere from a hundred to a million amino acids, each they are bonded to other chemical bonds.

Assess your progress number 15 Describe the functions of proteins in the body. The body uses essential and nonessential amino acids to synthesize proteins. Proteins perform numerous functions in human body, like collagen provides structural strength in connective tissue, as keratin in the skin, and the combination of actin and myosin makes muscle contraction possible. Enzymes regulate the rate of chemical reactions, and protein hormones regulate many physiological processes. Proteins in the blood prevent changes in pH promote coagulation factors, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Enzymes are an important part of the cell and are crucial to sustaining a healthy life for an organism. An enzyme is a protein, composed from amino acids, and an enzyme’s role in the cell is to increase the cell’s ability to perform chemical reactions (Brain 2000). The chemical reactions that cells perform are critical to the development of cells and are how cells grow (Brain 2000). Tyrosinase is an enzyme that is commonly found in plants, and its function is to cause plants to brown, a process known as melanization (Chang 2012). Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) is an amino acid that reacts with Tyrosinanse, and this reaction eventually leads to create melanin, a product of melanization (Waite 1991).

Catalase is a common enzyme that is present in nearly all living organisms. Enzymes are proteins that catalyse selective chemical functions without altering the products or itself. In order to accelerate a reaction, the enzyme will bind to one or more reactant molecules known as the substrates. These substrates will bind to the enzyme’s selective active site, and will then be broken down into products. All chemical reactions that occur in a living organism depend on the actions of enzymes, and function in a temperate environment similar to the body temperature of a living organism.

The repressor is a regulatory protein that binds to the operator and blocks transcription of the genes of an operon. Inducers bind to the repressors and they also regulate gene expression. In the process of identifying the three strains of E.coli, ONPG (ortho-nitrophenyl b-D galactoside) was used as an indicator. ONPG is a substrate that can detect B-galactosidase, and when it does, it turns yellow. Sarkosyl was also a detergent used in the lab to lyse open cells.