Epidemiology In Public Health

USEFULNESS OF THE CONCEPT TO THE CURRENT WORLD Health care policies refers to decisions, plans and action which are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society (WHO 2011). Implementation of health related policies can be complex especially in developing nation which limited human material and financial resources. The process of policy making decision are made at the national level which includes the funding of the policies which affect the implementation of the policy. Attention must be paid to policies made at various levels of health care system to ensure sustainability. A favourable environment will help to facilitate the interventions of healthcare policies.

Another important step in setting public health priorities is to understand the impact of the problem. Can you think of some ways of quantifying the impact of a problem? The HIV/AIDS is a global epidemic problem. To impact the problem it can be use different actions, considerations and tools in setting the health priorities. The related problems can be put into groups depended of the health problem.

The Health Belief Model is a conceptual framework that can be used to guide health promotion and disease prevention programs. It explains changes in health-related behavior. Key elements of the Health Belief Model focus on individual beliefs about health conditions, which predict individual health-related behaviors. The Health Belief Model can be used to design short- and long-term programs. The model 's predictive ability varies depending on the ability to gauge the presence of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, cues to action, and the sense of self-efficacy among the target population.

These factors are known as the Social Determinants of health. “The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health system” (WHO). Dalgren & Whitehead (1991) image of the social determinants of health aims to show the relationship between the person, their environment and their health. The modifiable factors, people’s age, gender and race lie in the centre surrounded by non modifiable factors like profession, housing, education and public policy. There is a direct relationship between people’s environment and their health, e.g.

I. INTRODUCTION Life Course Theory (LCT) is an approach to public health which draws from a large variety of disciplines, such as biology, sociology, and psychology, in order to examine how health and disease develop over the course of a lifetime (1). This lens is used to examine health disparities, examine factors which contribute to the achievement of optimal health, and develop interventions. The goal of life course-based intervention goes beyond the prevention of disease and seeks to create conditions in which people are able to thrive, or achieve their full potential for health and wellness, throughout their entire lives (2, 3). According to LCT, health is dynamically produced across the lifespan in response to behavioral, social, and

The features of health promotion are that it is based on a holistic view of health; it uses participatory approaches it focuses on the determinants and addressing of health not just health problems and conditions. These include the social, behavioral, environmental and economic conditions that are the root cause of poor health, wellbeing and illness such as education, income, employment, working conditions, social status. Health promotion builds on existing strengths and assets and it uses multiple, complementary strategies to promote health for the individual, community and population level. These may include models such as the health belief model (G.M. Hochbaum, 1958) (Becker & Rosenstock, 1984) or the Stages of change (Trans theoretical model) ( Prochaska & DiClemente,

Structural interventions act indirectly therefore sometimes it takes longer to see measurable effects on health outcomes. However, policy makers and donors are time conscious and are looking for immediate results even when the true evaluation of structural interventions can be long term. The sampling of structural interventions is primarily delivered at the institution or community level. These interventions must have sufficient numbers in the sampling groups, with adequate exposure and time to evaluate the effects. Randomization of structural interventions is difficult.

It hopes to motivate them with whatever interests they may have in improving their living conditions. Its aim come is to develop in them a sense of responsibility for health conditions for themselves as individuals, as members of families, and as communities. In communicable disease control, health education commonly includes an appraisal of what is known by a population about a disease, an assessment of habits and attitudes of the people as they relate to spread and frequency of the disease, and the presentation of specific means to remedy observed deficiencies. The National Health Education Standards (NHES) are written expectations for what students should know and be able to do by grades 2, 5, 8, and 12 to promote personal, family, and community health. The standards provide a framework for curriculum development and selection, instruction, and student assessment in health education.

First and foremost to understand this topic, there need to clearly define terms and concepts. A health system is defined as all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health the goal of health system are to improving health and health equity in ways that are responsive, financially fair and makes the best or most efficient use of available resources. (World Health Organization, 2007) The health system consists of multiple relationships and interactions among the six building blocks (service delivery, health workforce, health information, medical technologies, health financing and leadership and governance), i.e., how one affects and influences the others, and is in turn affected by them.

This study was conducted within the frame work of the Health Belief Model (HBM) which indicates that the key health beliefs underlying the threat and behavioral evaluations provide a useful framework for understanding individual differences in health behavior and for designing interventions to change behavior. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a popular theory applied to health education and health promotion (52). The underlying assumption of the original HBM is that health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions about a disease/disorder and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence (53). This Model of explaining human behavior attempts to explain the determinants and factors that influence an individual’s decisions

This essay explores the relationship of socioeconomic impacts on health in Islington Borough and accumulate data about disparities in the provision of health and social care services. I will also examine government methods in the promotion of health and factors and how barriers affect these health promotion campaigns. Health promotion is the procedure of empowering individuals to build control over, and to enhance, their Health. It moves past an emphasis on individual conduct towards an extensive variety of social and environmental interventions. The Ottawa Charter (1986) defines health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health to reach a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

Public health is the prevention of disease and in the process, promoting health and safety living by the input of the society (Carr et al., 2007). Beaglehole and Bonita (2004) revealed that public health is a group of action that has come together for the same purpose of sustaining the health of a population (cited in Carr et al., 2007). The social determinants of health are not only the cause of illness but also the cause of inequalities (BMA, 2011). The first statement to define health is the (Lalonde, 1994) which states the status of health is not just only affected by biology and services of the healthcare system but also involves the collective behaviour that occurs in a society (Wilson and Mabhala, 2009). This was developed in the Ottawa

In order to improve the health of the population research must be put into action. Research and practice are the reasons for successful programs that have helped improve the help of numerous situations in the world. In order to improve and other concerns there must be improvement of the evidence-based approach. Evidence-based public health is defined as the development, implementation, and evaluation of effective programs and policies in public health through application of principles of scientific reasoning, including systematic uses of data and information systems, and appropriate use of science theory and program planning models.1 Evidence-based public health is important because it provides evidence in making decisions about the care

One of the most concerning health burden for the public health department is health disparities in the population. The public health goal is to improve health and prevent diseases among the population and in the individuals to create a healthy population. To achieve this goal, it important to involve the individual and the population needs. The need to develop and establish a program that can benefit everyone. In this view, it is important to identify the social and environmental factors that greatly influence the health of the individuals and the population.