Epilepsy Lab Report

The patient underwent 10 treatments with right unilateral electrode placement and a stimulus dose of 35%. Anaesthesia consisted of propofol, 80-90mg; succinylcholine 50-60mg was used as a paralytic. Upon awakening during the first 8 treatments, Miss T was extremely agitated, restless and confused. This lasted up to 60 minutes and required 7 staff to maintain the safety of herself and others. Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) score was +3 or +4 every treatment.

These EEG examinations were taken using a Harmonie DVN V5.1. EEG examinations were also given to children after their initial seizure. Children who had another seizure were advised to take anti-epileptic drugs. EEG scans were implemented in the control group at the start of the study and before anti- epileptic drugs were administered [10].  Statistical Analysis

Seizure precautions such as the midazolam and the fosphenytoin could have deleterious effects of maintaining his blood pressure. Also, as mentioned above, our use of epinephrine could have worsened obstruction or potentiate an arrhythmia. Retrospectively, more effort should have been made to understand the history which would have elucidated the concern for a cardiac cause for the arrest. Also, a more detailed physical exam may have revealed a murmur, however this may have been difficult to detect in the resuscitation

Surgery for epilepsy does not always successfully reduce seizures and it can result in cognitive or personality changes as well as physical disability, even in people who are excellent candidates for it. Nonetheless, when medications fail, several studies have shown that surgery is much more likely to make someone seizure-free compared to attempts to use other medications. Anyone thinking about surgery for epilepsy should be assessed at an epilepsy center experienced in surgical techniques and should discuss with the epilepsy specialists the balance between the risks of surgery and desire to become

Autonomic and pain fibers are blocked first and motor fibers last, this physiology has many important consequences like the vasodilation and drop in blood pressure which occurs when the autonomic fibers are blocked and the patient may be aware of touch and yet feel no pain when surgery starts.  Positions of neuraxial anesthesia • Sitting Position o No torque o Chin on chest o Arms resting on knees o Footstool/Table to support

There is scarce data with respect to how diagnosis, treatment, education and research has been conducted in tertiary care centers for epilepsy treatment. Tertiary care centers play an important role with respect to neurologists education on PNES, its comorbidities and differential diagnosis. Providing a comprehensive approach across centers may provide more knowledge about PNES, beyond the current emphasis on psychoeducational measures, and the use of psychoactive drugs and AEDs. In addition, more regional health-care policies are also necessary because of relevant differences in health-care systems and consequently in the HCPs ' attitudes and their difficulties, such as limited access to VEEG and referral to effective psychotherapy for PNES.

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” - World Health Organisation, 1946. Although there have been a number of ground breaking discoveries in science as a whole I strongly believe more can be done within neurology. Epilepsy affects more than 500,000 people in the UK that is almost one in every 100 people. I wish to study neuroscience as I would like to look into conditions such as this but also explore into neuroaesthetics. Having a close family member being diagnosed with epilepsy, I have been exposed to the fundamental importance of how to deal with seizures.

For anxiolysis and lessen the psychological effects of hospital experiences, prior to anaesthesia, premedication was administered.2 Most commonly, non parenteral route is preferred for initiation of sedation and premedication administration in the clinical

Management and outcome The surgery was successful. The anaesthetist told me he will be like to do awake extubation because patient was grade 2 view on intubation. This method is used to perform an extubation once the patient is fully awake and able to maintain his own airway (e SAFE, 2017) I prepared for awake extubation, all the airway equipment for the intubation were kept for anaesthetic emergence, guedel, laryngoscope, bougie, 20ml syringe.

Etomidate is a short acting sedative that avoids affecting respiratory, cardiac and circulation centers, meaning less adverse reaction in the patient (Mason et al., 2013). Midazolam is a benzodiazepine sedative that can be used in RSI, but tends to cause hypotension in patients (Mason et al., 2013). Ketamine is another sedative that can be used, but it is usually a third choice after etomidate or midazolam because of its adverse affects (Mason et al., 2013). Propofol is the final sedative or hypnotic that is used in RSI, it has adverse effects including hypotension, and because of its short acting period is used primarily in conscious sedation procedures and not RSI (Mason et al.,

There are many sedation scales which will vary depending on the hospital, some include the Ramsey Sedation Scale, Motor Activity Assessment Scale, Sedation-Agitation Scale, Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale, The Hartwig Scale, and more. These scales measure factors such as level of agitation, levels of arousability, quality of responses, and drowsiness. Technological monitoring techniques to use as support include continuous pulse oximetry and capnography, which can both be effective for unattended advancing sedation and respiratory depression, (Jarzyna et al.1,

• During conscious sedation policies were not followed properly. It is required to have vital signs, continuous pulse ox. and ECG monitoring. This needs to be done pre and post procedure. • Post sedation procedures were not followed accurately.

• If you are in medication, be sure to take it when you're supposed to and don't stop taking it all of a sudden without actually consulting your doctor. Every type of epilepsy has different types of anticonvulsant drugs prescribed for it. • Alcohol must be avoided as well since it could definitely interfere with how your medication will affect you, it may also lose the brain’s seizure

Moreover, typical absences usually last 9–12 s (Hooge, & De Deyn, 2001). Indeed, mutations of genes coding for GABA A receptors and T-type calcium channels have been linked to AS. More recent studies have found that Glucose transporters might also be linked to AS, however data is limited in this respect and offers further room for exploration. The pathophysiological theories hypothesized to date, have clearly always recognised the contribution of two forebrain structures, the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, and their fundamental roles in the generation of seizures.

Since opioids are also known to affect seizure activity as well, opioids are looked in how they can be modulated in order to decrease seizure activity. Within the dentate gyrus (DG), there are two opioid peptides, enkephalins and dynorphins, which both have effects on excitability, but with contrasting effects (11). The difference between these two peptides is that enkephalins bind to delta- and mu- opioid receptors (DORs and MORs) whereas dynorphins bind to kappa-opioid receptors (KORs). However, unlike galanin receptors, opioid receptors can be activated by exogenous opiate drugs, which means that overdose can be possible because it is not reliant on an endogenous ligand. For example, the MOR agonist morphine can bind which means that a ligand can be introduced and not well regulated by the body, leading to overdose (11).