EPITHELIUM
It is a tightly adhesive sheet of cells covering the body surface or lining a body cavity. It also constitutes many of the body’s glands. Epithelium can be simple, having one cell layer, or stratified, having multiple cell layers. Epithelial cells can be squamous or cuboidal or columnar based on their shape and each cell has apical surface and basal surface. Depending on its location in the body, simple epithelial cells can have different types of apical surface modifications like cilia, stereo cilia and, microvilli; another special feature seen in simple columnar epithelium is presence of goblet cells.
1. Simple squamous epithelium
Made of flat cells with disc-shaped central nuclei, it makes up the endothelial lining of all blood
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In kidneys, it lines some convoluted tubules. Surface proteins on cuboidal cells helps facilitate absorption and transportation of materials filtered by kidneys. In proximal convoluted tubules, apical surface of epithelium has microvilli which aids in transportation of substances by brushing them in one direction in the lumen. Ovarian surface is also lined by this epithelium; since cuboidal epithelial cells tend to divide rapidly and grow, any defects in ovulation occurring on this surface are repaired. Simple cuboidal epithelium also lines respiratory bronchiole walls and may be ciliated in some portions, creating a transitional zone for both air conduction and gas …show more content…
There are three types of cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage: Firm, viscous matrix containing chondrocytes and collagen fibers. It is flexible and resists compressive stress, and forms embryonic skeleton. It’s present in joints, between bones, in nose, trachea and larynx due to its supporting and cushioning properties.
Fibrocartilage: It’s similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm because of more collagen fibers. It’s found between intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and knee joint as it can resist pressure and compression.
Elastic cartilage: Also similar to hyaline cartilage, but has more elastic fibers in matrix. It can maintain shape of a structure but is also bendable; it’s found in outer ear, larynx and epiglottis.
MUSCLE TISSUE
It helps to produce movements, generate heat, move substances, and maintain posture. It can be of three types:
1. Skeletal muscle tissue: It has striations, multinucleate cells and under voluntary control; found near bones and help in body movement due to muscle contraction facilitated by sliding filament
1. Cell Membrane - A cell membrane in a cell is like the turnstiles and gates of a baseball stadium. The cell membrane is selectively permeable and the turnstiles or gate only let people with a ticket into the stadium 2. Cell Wall - The cell wall in a cell is just like the support beams of a baseball stadium.
P4 – Describe the three structures of the skeletal muscle (Epimysium, Perimysium and Endomysium) There are three structures of the skeletal muscle: Epimysium is a thick layer of irregular connective tissue that pulls the entire muscle as well as protecting the muscle from friction that may be caused by other muscles and bones surrounding them. Also, it is the fibrous tissue which covers and surrounds skeletal muscles. The Epimysium carries on past the end of bones in order to create muscle tendons. Perimysium surrounds a bundle of muscle fibres, it is a casing of connective tissue.
The deformation known as clubfoot is a standout amongst the most widely recognized birth imperfections including the musculoskeletal framework. It presents intrinsic dysplasia of every single musculoskeletal tissue distal to the knee. It is a deformity in which the foot is twisted so that the sole cannot be placed flat on the ground. Understanding the microscopic structure of diseased tissues that characterize clubfoot are very important areas of research. The major component of the ligament, muscle, tendon, bone and joint cartilage involved in clubfoot is collagen.
In each knee joint, there is two pieces of C-shaped cartilage which lies between the surfaces of the femur and tibia. The lateral side of the meniscus is known ad lateral meniscus while the medial side is known as medial meniscus. The major role of the menisci is to absorb the impact load between the femur and tibia and also to provide some degree of stabilization to
Task 2 4 main tissue types Epithelial tissue: this type of tissue covers the entire surface of the human body and is made up of very closely packed cells that are either one or more layers thick. Epithelial tissue also covers or lines the internal body surfaces. There are two different types of epithelial tissue these are simple epithelium or stratified epithelium. Simple epithelium is only one cell thick whereas stratified epithelium is two or more cells thick.
Understanding the tibiofibular syndesmosis needs a hint of the surrounding anatomic structures. Talocrural and Subtalar Joints The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a modified-hinge, uniaxial joint formed by the medial malleolus of the tibia, the talus and the lateral malleolus of the fibula. Specifically, the convex superior articular surface of the talus or trochlea articulates with the concave distal articular facet of the tibia. The medial malleolus articulates with the medial aspect of the trochlea whereas the lateral malleolus articulates with the lateral aspect of the trochlea.
Intracellular and extracellular are the 2 major fluid compartments in the body. Extracellular contains intravascular and interstitial body parts. The intracellular compartment is known as the fluid inside of the cell. Extracellular is fluid outside of the cell which consists of the Intravascular which is the fluid located in the vessel and interstitial which is fluid between the vessel and the cell. Each compartment encompasses a certain amount of fluid proportionate for the size of one’s body and the size of the compartment.
The glenoid is a strong fibrous cartilage that is called a labrum. The labrum forms a gasket around the socket to provide stability and cushion on the joint. A shoulder capsule is a joint that surrounds the tissue called ligaments. They form a capsule that holds the joints together. Under the capsule is a lined thin membrane that is called the synovium.
P4 describe the function of the muscular system and the different fibre types Function of the muscular system The function of the muscular system is for the movement of the body. In the body there are averagely seven hundred muscles that make up halve a person’s body weight. There are three types of movement in the body and these are agonist, antagonist, and fixator.
The skin is made up of three layers and all the layers have a key role in acting as the defense. The outermost layer which is the epidermis is an actively regenerating layer. This layer keeps on growing and differentiating to maintain the pH and moisture content. The epidermis does not work alone in keeping the skin healthy.
There are no cartilage structure on the bronchioles. The main function of the bronchi and bronchioles is to carry oxygen from the trachea into the lungs. Smooth muscle is located within the walls to help control airflow into the lungs.
The spinal column is made of up 26 bones (vertebrae) that are cushioned by disks and stacked on top of one another. The disks protect the bones by absorbing the shocks from daily activities. In between each vertebra there are protective circular pads of cartilage (connective tissue) called discs, which have a tough, fibrous case that contains a softer gel-like substance. The discs help maintain your back's flexibility and wide range of movement. The spinal cord is highly sensitive and passes through the middle of the vertebral column.
Our Skin is the barrier that protects and keeps our internal organs from the outside. It is composed of three different layers: The Epidermis The dermis The Hypodermis The Epidermis Is the topmost layer, with a main objective of not letting anything that is possibly dangerous from entering our body.
Aging is commonly defined as a nonreversible, ongoing, and (almost) unstoppable functional decline that is thought to eventually result in the death of the organism (Tosato et al. 2007). It seems to be an inevitable process in almost all known living organisms and is regulated by many different cellular pathways, and several factors (Uno and Nishida 2016). Remarkably, this process seems to be going on slower in some individuals and faster in others. Over the last decades, the rate of deaths among the older population has decreased (Shadyab and LaCroix 2015). People live longer in general and more people reach the age of 100 or higher (1:6000).
Due this process, it allows the lymphatic system to monitor the invading microbes. The lymphatic vessels also carry a clear fluid that it bathes in the body’s tissues that is known as lymph. Another organ is lymph node that is has specialized compartments where the immune system there and can encounter antigens. It shaped is small and bean shapes that are there in neck, armpits, abdomen and groin. As mentioned above, that there is lymphatic vessels, so that the immune cells and all the foreign particles will enter then exit through outgoing lymphatic vessels.