In recent years, personality in a life span and the relationship between aging and personality traits have been increasingly studied. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, personality is defined as the various aspects of a person’s character that make everyone different from each other. McCare and Costa (1997) proposed an assessment of personality traits in diverse cultures which are extraversion, neuroticism (emotional instability), openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (as cited in Schimmack Oishi, Furr & Funder, 2004). These five dimensions are known as five-factor model, often called the Big Five personality traits. In addition, proposed by Erikson in 1950, the Erikson’s theory stated that the stage of middle adulthood …show more content…
According to Social Investment Theory, proposed by Roberts,Wood, and Smith in 2005, they found that adults’ responsibilities such as family and work, may contribute to the causes of personality change in middle adulthood (as cited in van Aken, et al., 2006). Furthermore, Erikson (1950) indicated that adults during the period of middle age are facing the developmental stage of reaching out to “generativity”, beneficial the next generation, or “stagnation”, which remain locked in their current situations (Ciccarelli & White, 2012, p.331). Koski and Steinberg (1990) reported that midlife concerns in the domains of marital relationships, work and also child fostering. Because as children of middle-aged adults grow older and gradually become adults themselves, opportunities for parental control decreased (as cited in van Aken, et al., 2006). Besides that, Roberts, Helson, and Klohnen (2002) concluded that adults who perceived more marital tensions (lake of commitment and shared valued) and became parents, husbands or wives increased in social responsibility (a facet of conscientiousness), whereas divorce or death of spouse was associated with neuroticism and lost of a job was also decreased in emotional stability and conscientiousness (as cited in van Aken, et al., 2006). Nevertheless, Teachman (2008) reported that middle-aged adults who have one or more prior divorces bring a qualitatively different background to a new marriage, which potentially includes children from a previous marriage, continued contact with a former spouse, will cause personality changed negatively such as paranoid, avoidant and dependent (as cited in Disney, Weinstein & Oltmanns, 2012). Moreover, Branje, Van Lieshout, and Van Aken (2004) found that relational support was also strongly correlated with agreeableness and openness to experience. Furthermore, Friedman and Rosenman (1974) indicated that the Type A
1. Using Erikson’s psychosocial theory, explain the importance of developing different types of relationships in early adulthood. The sixth stage of Erickson’s theory is based on intimacy versus isolation. In the sixth stage, a person should be able to form intimate relationships that are not just sexual, but close friendships that allow open and honest attachments (Berk, 2014).
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter contains the compendium literatures and studies that are related to the current study. The review focuses on a number of different variables used to identify the relationship of personality profile, parental status and academic performance of the college students. It begins with the family, parental status with the inclusion of parental separation, adolescence and academic and subsequently aims to compare and contrast beliefs, concepts and findings and relevant articles and dissertations from written and online publications with the study.
Middle Adulthood During this stage in life, Erikson describes individuals in the generativity vs. stagnation stage (Capp, 2004). Individuals between the ages 40 to 65 have generally married, have a career and have their own families. Erikson refers to generativity as a concern of the next generation by guiding and establishing them.
In conclusion Erikson theory was developed from the Socioemotional process because in each of his stages he provided how each individual change throughout their life
The theory on life stages relates well to my situation as it works through all the stages in life that we should be at and when we should achieve these by. Erikson’s theory works well as I have looked into five stages of the user’s life from infancy to older adulthood. While looking into this I realized that she is meeting the stages but not when they should be getting meet. For each stage it is a build onto the previous stage and cannot meet one stage without the one before. Erikson believes that a person’s personality does develop in a series of stages the theory described the impacts of social experiences throughout the whole lifespan.
Isolation: Occurring in young adulthood (ages 18 to 40 yrs), we begin to share ourselves more intimately with others. Successful completion of this stage can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of love • Generativity vs. Stagnation During middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65 yrs), we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. • Ego Integrity vs. Despair As we grow older (65+ yrs) and become senior citizens, we tend to slow down our productivity, and explore life as a retired person.
After an examination of Erik Erikson and Daniel Levinson’s theories at first sight not much is alike, since the stages both differ, but digging deeper in Erikson's and Levinson’s theories have similar ideas in social development; after all, these two studies differ in the outcome. Erik erikson's theories have a greater underlining on child-adolescent development, he believes that early development of a child is the foundation and is the greatest impact on a person's identity and personality later on in life. Erikson presents the stages from childhood to adulthood, but in his theory the only significant development is during childhood, which is the problem, since an individual goes through life experiences throughout life they may have a great impact as an adult too. On the other hand Daniel Levinson’s theory signifies changes throughout all of life's experiences, from childhood to adulthood and continuing. Levinson’s theory believes that we adapt ad we let go of certain things as we move on in life and move from one stage to another.
Like dismissive-avoidant adults, fearful-avoidant adults tend to seek less intimacy, suppressing their feelings (Hazan & Shaver, 1987). Present research is closely linked to Shaver and Hazan’s (1987) attachment theory. Adult attachment theory helps to find out different attachment styles and their effect on personality. These different attachment styles and their respective characteristics figure out the traits that leads to secure romantic relationship. Compassionate vs Passionate Love theory.
The origins of generativity can be traced to Erik Erikson’s seminal work Childhood and Society (1963). Erikson theorized that as people age, they progress through a series of eight stages, each stage illustrating a particular challenge. Generativity versus stagnation is the seventh stage and is the conflict most commonly associated with midlife. Erikson loosely defined generativity as “the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation”.
Erikson concentrates on stages where an "individual confronts a major challenge or crisis" (Boles et al., 2011, p.107). He proposed that a person encounters every stage at an inexact age and should resolve every stage keeping in mind the end goal to grow legitimately has appeared in figure 2 (pg.9) above. Erikson conjectured that "“If crises are not resolved positively at particular points in the life span that later problems will ensue”
His childhood, education experiences, and careers influenced his contributions to lifespan development. As a “neo-Freudian”, Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages of development that greatly correspond with Freud’s Psychosexual Stages (Broderick
It additionally examines the effect of marital breakup on children, adults, and society. The author asserts that children from divorced families are two times likely to see their marriages end in divorce. Furthermore, the author says adults from divorced families are much less likely to trust, and constantly feel unsure to engage in romantic relationships which can lead to problems of not getting married in the future. Jacquet, Susan E., and Catherine A. Surra.
Big Five Personality Traits The five personality dimensions OCEAN are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. This were defined as follow, according to Crissy (2011), Openness is the capability of appreciating art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. The characteristics such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests were the traits feature in this dimension. Next is Conscientiousness this is the persons tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behavior..
He constructed eight developmental stages depending upon sociological and psychological developmental instruments and methods. He published psychoanalytical theory of eight levels in his book entitled “The eight ages of Man” in 1950, but later on modified and expanded the theory. He has explained the term epigenetic and represented with space and time and focused on personality and behavioral influences from birth to mature nature of an individual. He also focus on the nature and its reflection due to experiences during the eight stages (Erikson, 1950). Erik Erikson's stages of development:
The first component stated that the personality reflects individual differences. Every individual have its own characteristics. Second component is a statement that personality is consistent and enduring, and the last component claimed that personality can change. There are many factors can influence the personality development which are heredity, parental characteristic, person’s cohort, birth order, normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, non-normative life events, culture, and normative socio cultural-graded influences.