Genetic And Environmental Causes: The Cause Of Birth Defects

The baby’s growth may be slowed down in case of severe anemia. Women who are anemic during pregnancy are at a higher risk of delivering a premature baby. Your baby may have low birth weight or suffer from other infections during infancy. The development of your baby may be affected due to this and he/she may also be anemic.

But maternal malnutrition, infections (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, listeria), changes in blood clotting, etc. can influence. The list of diseases or pathologies in the mother, which can influence the development of the baby, is very extensive. In this sense, my advice is that, if it is your case, make a preconceptional visit and consult your gynecologist. 3.

In any of these situations, the antibodies will have developed as an immune response which can cause the baby to have anaemia and severe jaundice. With Rh incompatibility, this means whenever the woman is pregnant with an Rh positive baby in the future, antibodies will be produced in higher amounts. ABO incompatibility does not become more serious with each subsequent pregnancy. However ABO incompatibility can affect a baby until all the antibodies pass out of the baby’s system after they are born.

The sickle cell is an autosomal recessive means that if both parents has a form of a defective gene it can be pass to their offspring and there is a chance to be affected but if only one parent has a defective form of a gene the child will only a carrier. The signs and symptoms are anemia the red blood cells are not enough or dying, episodes of pain means that red blood vessels are blocked by shape-sickle cell it result to a pain in chest, abdomen, and joints or in bones and the sickle cell can damage the organ to fight other infections ,so it vulnerable to infections. The diagnosis is used blood testing, it detects the defective form of hemoglobin. The treatment is through Bone marrow or stem cell

A congenital anomaly is defined as an abnormality of structure, function or body metabolism that is present at birth and results in physical or mental disability, or is fatal. Differed group of congenital anomalies discovered at different time of pregnancy but most of them are early discovered if the mother is monitoring her pregnancy very early. The choice to terminate the congenital anomalies is another issue because it raises a heated debate regarding a malformed fetus still exists or not and whether it is considered as human being has the right to live or it is merciful for him to end its life. A review of 20 studies found overall termination rates following antenatal diagnosis of congenital malformation, are as follows: Down’s syndrome (92%), Spina bifida (64%), Anencephaly (84%), Turner syndrome (72%), and Klinefelter syndrome (58%). (11) This topic need another paper to discuss about.

It is also felt within the vagina or rectum during the menstrual cycle. In many cases the person’s organs will no longer appear smooth and pink but have bloody lesions, black speckles and blood clots around the

However, risk factors that increase the likelihood of having this condition include maternal drug use, multiparity, and previous uterine surgeries. Implantation ordinarily takes place in the fundus of the uterine endometrium. Interestingly, with placenta previa, implantation occurs in the lower uterine endometrium. Multiple pregnancies, as well as previous Cesarean section delivery, can increase the risk of placenta previa as much as 60% (Beddall, 2015).

There are many gynecological diseases that affect the uterus, a hollow member that is located below a woman's belly button. One of these diseases is endometriosis. To illustrate, endometriosis is a chronic, common and painful disorder that occurs when the tissues grow outside the womb. In addition to that endometriosis term is derived from Latin words and divided into three sections, " end/o " means inside, " metr/i " which refers to uterus, and " osis " which means disease. Endometriosis has four types including minimal, mild, moderate and severe, and it relies on the location, size, number and depth of endometrial implants.

One common infection is called sterility infection when having this infection a women is more likely to have an ectopic pregnancy . Ectopic pregnancy mean when the egg is inserted outside of the womb or uterus .There has also been psychological effects on the women. They later resent the fact they had an abortion some later become depressed that hey gave up their own child. There are other option besides abortion . A women can give p their baby for adoption .

INTRODUCTION Acute pulmonary oedema is a rare, but life-threatening problem which may cause significant morbidity and mortality in pregnant women. It may occur due to pathologies such as pre-eclampsia, sepsis, amniotic fluid embolism, fluid-overload or beta-adrenergic tocolytic drugs during the antenatal, intrapartum or postpartum periods. Moreover, pre-existing cardiopulmonary diseases may worsen due to the superimposed effects of physiological changes related to pregnancy (1). Management of these patients is a challenge for the anaesthesiologists, because there are no controlled studies or guidelines pointing out the best type of anaesthetic technique in these patients (2). CASE

Unit 2 Discussion: Prenatal Development Readings: Chapter 3 and 4 A teratogen is any exposure in the environment such as drugs, illnesses, alcohol that can cause substantial harm to an unborn or breastfeeding baby. There are some teratogens that even if the mother was exposed to or poisoned at one point before getting pregnant can still cause harm to the unborn baby even if she is no longer exposed. Lead can be considered a teratogen as it is a toxic metal and can cause harm during the embryonic period.

Through differences and similarities Brave New World, written by Aldous Huxley, shows the future for reproductive technologies. While this novel was written in the 1930’s, the ideas used in the book are actually used in the modern world. Reproductive technologies are used to treat infertility and increase reproduction in different ways and some are used as contraceptives. Through the use of modern reproductive technologies Huxley gives a more controversial view about the use them, some of the few that brought attention were the use of contraceptive pills, test-tube babies, and the process of in vitro fertilization. Even though contraceptive processes have been around since the 1500’s, the first birth control pill came out in the 1950’s.