Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria
Introduction
Until recently, Antibiotics are medicines used to avoid and give bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria alteration in comeback to the use of these medicines. Bacteria, not humans or animals, become antibiotic-resistant. Bacteria could infect humans and animals, and the infections they purpose are harder to treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistance leads to greater medical costs, long hospital stays, and increased mortality. The world urgently needs to change the way it prescribes and uses antibiotics. Even if new medicines are developed, without behavior change, antibiotic resistance will remain a major danger. Behavior variations must
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Antibiotic has successfully stopped or treated infections that can occur in patients who are receiving chemotherapy treatments; who have chronic diseases such as diabetes, end-stage renal disease, or rheumatoid arthritis; or who have had complex surgeries such as organ transplants, joint replacements, or cardiac surgery.
Antibiotics have also aided to extend expected life spans by changing the outcome of bacterial infections.
Antibiotic
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Although antibiotics are basically current against bacteria, compound increase is locked in a co-evolutionary battle with natural bacterial compounds, involuntarily promotion the improvement of resistance. Bacteria have found a host of mechanisms to circumvent antibiotic killing and transmit resistance, that until recently were thought to impose a significant burden on overall evolutionary fitness, allowing susceptible organisms to ultimately outcompete their resistant counterparts. Mostly, these mechanisms can be gathered as either innate resistance or, of more concern to modern clinical and agriculture practice, acquired
After lawn inoculating a Meuller Hinton plate and placing the samples of medication, the plate was then incubated for one week at 37 degrees Celsius. The first medication choice was Trimethoprim, this produced a zone of inhibition of 16mm, therefore being sensitive to the bacteria. Antibiotic number two was nalidixic acid, this too, has a zone of inhibition of 16mm but is considered intermediate. The next antibiotic was erythromycin which produced a zone of inhibition of zero and was therefore resistant. The last antibiotic that was chosen to be used in the experiment was ciprofloxacin.
“Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed that the two groups differed in sensitivity to penicillin and erythromycin, but no other antibiotics.” (Article abstract).Out of the nine hundred samples they took, the group showed the bacteria was defeated by the antibiotic penicillin and the antibiotic erythromycin but the other antibiotics didn’t touch the bacteria. The experiment showed people only two antibiotics were fighting off the bacteria. The two of which are being over used and over time will no longer work. If the bacteria continues to grow bigger and better, the antibiotics for ear infections aren’t going to work which leads to hearing loss, even to the extent of going
IS THE POSSIBILITY OF POST-ANTIBIOTICS REAL? Imagining the Post-Antibiotics Future is an essay written by Maryn McKenna to emphasize focus on our lack of appreciation for what antibiotics have done for us and will continue to do for us, but only if we let them. She presents a very insightful and eye opening argument. She relies heavily on a very personal story as well as many facts and research to create such a convincing argument. McKenna begins her essay with recalling a time in which she found out about the death of her great-uncle due to a very infection.
In addition, it is important to know when to use antibiotics. Considering our bodies have their own immune system to combat bacteria, most illnesses improve on their own over time. As our immune system battles any bacteria, it becomes stronger and
Fleming’s penicillin alone has saved an estimated 200 million lives (New World Encyclopedia Contributors 2013). Not only would antibiotics combat 50 percent of common illness threatening seamen, but also would prevent any potential bacterial infections brought on by environmental ailments like carbon dioxide poisoning, scurvy, and malnutrition. Though antibiotics are not a safeguard against any contractible sickness, they are an explicit defense against bacterial infections, which were the most common form of infection among
By what mechanism do the authors propose that the mcr-1 gene confers colistin resistance, and what evidence do they use to support this assertion? The protein sequence of mcr-1 showed its similarity to the polymyxin-producing bacterium, Paenibacillus spp., which showed the possibility of gene transfer occurring. The mcr-1 gene enables protection from polymyxin. The mechanism that the authors proposed on how the mcr-1 gene confers colistin resistance is that mcr-1 causes a modification in lipid A, present in the lipopolysaccharides of most bacteria, which leads to lessened polymyxin affinity.
Another medication developed was penicillin. “Before the widespread use of antibiotics like penicillin in the United States, even small cuts and scrapes could lead to deadly infections.” (Little, 2021). This is why penicillin was such a good thing. Now soldiers didn’t have to worry as much if they got wounded in battle.
Researchers used nursing theories to help guide research on complicated phenomena(Connelly, 2014). After reviewing evidences collected on the topic "Antibiotic therapy and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)", the most common theories that have been cited are, exposure to antibiotic, especiallyin patients that have been previously diagnosed with bacterial infections(respiratory, urinary and osteoarticular infections) are significanly at risk for acquiring CDI and theory for prevention cited was implementation of an Antibiotic stewardship program. Inaddition,hand hygiene, contact precaution and environmental cleaning protocols where other interventions listed. Concept Definitions Exposure to antibiotic- is operationally defined as the last time within 30 days a hospitalized patients received antibiotic therapy before the current hospital
Moreover, Penicillin, a group of antibiotics, was discovered during this time, specifically in the 1928s by Alexander Fleming (ACS, 2023). Although the first dose of penicillin was used in 1941 by Albert Alexander, it was still a life-changing discovery as it changed the lives of many - even after the period of 1918s1939s (Wood, 2010). The discovery of penicillin allowed a lot of life-threatening diseases to be treated, such as bronchitis, tonsillitis, and pneumonia. Penicillin is known to save millions of lives. Indeed, in just World War Two, the death rate because of bacterial pneumonia would go from 18% to 1%, because of the invention of penicillin.
During the interwar years, there was many types of new inventions/new ideas that changed the world drastically. It changed the way people live and how we live now, for an example the way how technology, media, science and medicine changed. One of the inventions during the interwar years is penicillin which had an effect in medical branch in the past and now. Alexander Fleming was born in Ayrshire, Scotland on August 6,1881 and died on March 11. He studied medicine and served a physician during the World War 1.
Scientific, and Medical advance have made it possible for more people to fight off diseases and bring back more of our troops from the war. Medical and scientific advance just keep getting more advance by the minute new discoveries are made, new vaccine are being developed to help save thousands of lives that could be under the risk of becoming infected, also new scientific transplants are being performed. Medical and scientific advances also help benefited the American economy during the postwar. A man that saved thousands of lives with his research and studies to develop a vaccine came about in the 1950’s.
Antibiotics are also one of the fastest increasingly used prescription drugs because many people live a stressed, unhealthy lifestyle. The highest prescribed drug in many areas is antibiotics. This can be expected due to seasonal illnesses, chronic sickness, and poor health and living conditions. Many people become dependent on
Even though antibiotics can be very beneficial in curing infections and saving lives, the careless, mishandled use of these drugs are a major threat to society. Resistance comes with evolution and humans need to be careful not speed up this process. Just like Ricky Lannetti, even the healthiest of people can be affected by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bacteria resistance is not slowing down anytime soon, so it is up to the human race to become responsible for their applications of these powerful drugs. Theresa Drew was able to voice a warning after the death of Ricky, “My only son was killed on December 6th, 2003.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria reformat themselves in order to become unaffected by the drugs or substances created to terminate them (About Antimicrobial Resistance). They gain resistance to the drugs which causes the drugs to be ineffective of use and leads to more harm. Antibiotic resistance commonly occurs within patients because of physicians misusing or overusing antibiotics. This creates a common resistance to patients and resulting in the constant creation for new antibiotics that would treat the bacteria (Antibiotic Resistance). The main conflict generally evolves from medical stewardship where physicians have the responsibility to optimally heal their patients to their best efforts (Medical Ethics and the Stewardship
it increased medical technology, manufacturing and even decreased infections. The utilization of penicillin in WW2 incredibly influenced the Allied soldiers positively. Penicillin was significantly required on the front lines of World War 2 to treat harmed troops. (Krebs,20)