Global Atmosphere Research Paper

1) INTRODUCTION

1.1) The Atmosphere:-

The word atmosphere is derived from Greek words ἀτμός (atmos), meaning "vapour", and σφαῖρα (sphaira), meaning "sphere". The atmosphere is a mixture of gases mostly consist of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide(0.038%) and others that surrounds Earth. With height, the atmosphere becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space. The atmosphere blocks dangerous rays coming from Sun from reaching Earth which makes our planet liveable. It traps heat, making Earth a comfortable temperature. And the oxygen within our atmosphere is essential for life. It is basically divided into five layers. Fig 1:Different Levels of the Atmosphere

1.1.1) Troposphere

The troposphere starts from the

These are the high-latitude, mid latitude and equatorial regions. Figure 2: Major geographic regions of the ionosphere (after Bishop et al. [1991]).

1.3.1) Equatorial Region: The equatorial region has maximum electron density. The effect of the high radiation level from the sun, and the electric and the magnetic fields of the earth results in the electrons rising and moving along the horizontal lines of the magnetic field. The electrons move as far as the geomagnetic latitudes of 10 to 20 degrees causing the high concentration of electrons there which are often termed equatorial anomalies.

1.3.2) Mid-Latitude Region: The mid-latitude ionosphere is the least variable and undisturbed among the different ionospheric regions. It is usually free of the effect imposed by the horizontal magnetic field geometry peculiar to the equatorial

But later on it is available for the civilian use also. GPS has become an effective tool in the field of science, commerce, surveillance and tracking. GPS is used everywhere except in locations where it is difficult to detect the signal for e.g., underwater, subterranean location, inside the building and caves.

1.5.1.1) Civilian Applications

• Navigation – Used by navigators for orientation and precise velocity measurements.

• Geotagging – Map overlays can be created by applying location coordinates to photographs and other kind of documents.

• Surveying – Surveyors create maps and verify the boundaries of the property.

• Map-making – Used by civilians and military cartographers.

• Tectonics – Detect the direct false motion measurement in earthquakes.

• Geofencing – Vehicle, person or pet can be detected by using GPS vehicle tracking system, person tracking systems, and pet tracking systems. 1.5.1.2) Military Applications

• Navigation – Soldiers can find objectives in the dark and unknown regions with the help of GPS.

• Search and Rescue – Knowing the position of a downed pilot, its location can be traced out