The Habsburg Monarchy

All empires in history had a high in their history but they all eventually came to their demise. The Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty both had ways they gained, consolidated and maintained their power while they were at their highest point. They had significant leaders that lead to these successful points.

Within the period 1450-1800, the Spanish and Russian Empires were going through expansion and empire building. They were similar in that during this time they were both ruled under a centralized monarchy, but different in their methods of expansion and labor forces.

The Qing, Mughal and Ottoman empires all had effective administration and victories that allowed them to advance. The Manchu, who ruled the Qing Dynasty, had to assert dominance to control the Chinese people living in the empire, who vastly outnumbered them. They successfully reoriented China after the rocky transfer of power following the previous empire, the Ming. The Manchu had “knowledge of Chinese administration” and a “well organized army” (Bingham, 134), which helped them effectively rule. They made Chinese men shave the front of their heads and wear their hair in long queues, or pony tails (Bingham, 136)” to show control. They made sure Manchu warriors didn’t lose their fighting edge in battle, which was a large part of their identity.

The early 20th century had a remarkable impact on human kind, creating ripples in the continuum of history that are still felt in modern times. The biggest and by far the most remarkable event was World War 1. It's main trigger being the assassination of Archduke Franz the war began tragic and tense. In an attempt to prevent Germany from becoming too powerful, other European joined powers for what was to be an exhausting and long battle of attrition. The war was essentially a huge chain of events, tracing back to the Franco-Prussian War and the actions of important people like Otto Von Bismarck. Different ideologies arose that moved the war in several directions: nationalism came along smoothly with modernization and proved to be an incredible

The Reformation affected the political life in Europe by increasing conflicts in Europe. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, ruled an immense empire, which he want to keep under control by keeping it Catholic. But, the Protestant Reformation brought a number of troubles to his empire. He had rivalry over territories with the king of France, Francis I, which led to wars that lasted over 20 years. Charles V also have a political problem in Germany, where his formerly loyal states turned on him and supported the Reformation as an act of asserting local authority. Eventually, Charles was unable to defeat the well-organized princes and forced to seek peace. The German states were now free to determine their religion between Catholicism and Lutheranism.

Why did the Second and Third Crusades fail to replicate the resounding success of the First Crusade? For Latin Christians at the time, the answer was obvious: Christian immorality had led God to stop favoring them in battle against the infidels. Upon hearing of the dismal failure of the Second Crusade, one anonymous individual in Würzburg wrote, “God allowed the Western Roman Church, on account of its sins, to be cast down.” Bernard of Clairvaux, the preacher most directly linked to the messaging of the Second Crusade, noted in explaining its failure that, “the Lord, provoked by our sins, gave the appearance of having judged the world prematurely.”

After the capture of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire changed the name to Istanbul and began to expand rapidly thereafter. The Ottomans had originally used an army that had two separate forces, one was a light cavalry and the other volunteer infantry. Throughout the Ottomans expansion, they rapidly improved their military strength through the use slave troops known as Janissaries. The Ottomans bordering neighbor was the Safavid Empire. The Safavid Empire under the rule of Shah Ismail tried to control the masses with political propaganda, which used various stories of their choosing to explain the events that unfolded however they desired. The Ottomans converted many Christians to Islamic religion, whereas, the Safavids often chose to follow

In response Fredrick, gathered armies from German state that were loyal to the Holy Roman Empire and crush the revolt of the Protestants, after which the Danish King Christian IV entered the war. Denmark’s protestant king, saw Ferdinand as a threat to Protestants everywhere not just in Bohemia, so together with the support of Protestant German States, and being backed financially by France, Denmark struck back but in the end the catholic backed Hapsburg became the victors. The next Country to enter the war on the Protestant side was Sweden. The Swedish entered the war out of fear who the Hapsburg may attack next. The Swedes were supported by the remaining Protestant German States and financially by the French. The Swedes won many victories against the Hapsburg, and as a result a peace treaty was signed, the Peace of Prague, this brought about three changes, it first provided protection for German Protestant in the North, it made the Armies of the Holy Roman Empire and the German States into one, and restricted the German princes from allying with each other or foreign countries. The Peace of Prague did not conclude the war mainly because it did not extend religious freedoms to the Protestants I the South. Although the war could have been ended here, the French continued the war for another eight years, because the French did not want other European Rulers to have as much power as the French King, so French sent troops to engage the Hapsburg armies and declared war on Spain. The war finally ended with the Peace of Westphalia, which had numerous significances such as, weakening the Hapsburg in Spain, and Austria, Giving the German territory of Alsace to France, and introduces a new method of peace negotiations, it also allowed the German princes to form alliances with and sign treaties, with the exception that they did not declare war on the Holy Roman Empire.

Franz Ferdinand was the Archduke of Austria, who was born on December 18, 1863. He was the son of Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria. Then married to the Duchess of Hohenberg; Sophie. They had 3 children, 2 sons and 1 daughter. The daughter named Princess Sophie of Hohenberg. One son named Prince Ernst of Hohenberg and the other named Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie’s anniversary was June 28. On the same day Franz Ferdinand had to go to Serbia to inspect the Austro-Hungarian troops. Since he would be gone on their anniversary, the Archduke decided to bring his wife Duchess Sophie with him on the trip. There was some hesitation on whether or not to bring his wife because she

Joseph II was the emperor of Austria from 1765-1790. He lived from 1741-1790, and was the son of Maria Theresa. Later, Joseph ran a co-regency with Maria Theresa after his father had died. The co-regency was mostly run by Maria, but Joseph ran foreign matters and the military. Joseph agreed with Maria’s ideas about education, but they argued constantly other other things such as religious toleration. When Joseph finally became the single ruler in 1780 when Maria had died, he began to apply his ideas to the people.

I choose Ebenzier Perez’s post which is about Ottoman Empire compare with Safavid Empire. Ottoman Turkish Empire is known as the judging geographically established by Turkey from the Central Asia. Founded by the Ottoman claim, that is, multi-ethnic multi-religious, multi-cultural entity was (Perez). On the other hand, Safavid Empire of Persia (Iran), while in the office, probably 1501. 1736 was a descendant of the Persian Kurdish Sapa in the Member ruling dynasty of rain most of the bark of southwest Asia Safaviyya - injecting a special order of Shi 'a Islam It ruled.

Throughout my essay I plan on drawing on many examples or reasons for the great Dutch success in economy, politics, warfare and trade during the years 1584-1672. In their time the Dutch republic were said to have been the ‘envy of some, fear of others, and the wonder of all their neighbours.’ It is widely known that the Dutch Republic was one of Europe’s great powers in the 17th century, its rise to power reflected a powerful shift of political and economic power in Europe. Before the Dutch republic became Europe’s economic capital, the cities of Italy such as Milan, Venice and Rome were the main sources of trade and economic growth in Europe because of its access to the Mediterranean.

After this Ottoman expansion, the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire kept competing to see who would become the dominant power in the region. Suleiman the Magnificent captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman Hungarian Wars. He established Ottoman rule in the territory of present day Hungary and other Central European territories. He then laid tried to take control of Vienna in 1529, but failed. recovered and then tried to get

Long lasting Bulgarian wars weakened the army: As stated by Browning, after Bulgaria was found, the Byzantine and Bulgaria had several long lasting wars, such as a war between them from 756-775, Nicephorus I was defeated, and slaughtered by Bulgarians in 811, another war between them from 912-922. The wars and conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and Bulgaria kept going till the collapse of State of Bulgaria. Those kinds of wars worn out the Byzantine Empire because many men died, and got tired of those wars and conflicts, so the wars between them influenced negatively on the Byzantine Empire during the battle of Manzikert.

According to Treaty of Schönbrunn, the defeated Austrian Emperor Francis I. was forced to surrender his territories in Southeast Europe (among other conditions) in favour of Napoleon, who immediately published two decrees in order to merge newly acquitted lands into the Illyrian Provinces. Area of this autonomous part of French empire was about 55 000 km2 and according to the census of 1811 the Provinces had about 1 500 000 inhabitants. Ljubljana was chosen to be the capital city, despite the fact, the Trieste was at that time far more developed city, nevertheless the better strategic position towards the Wien decided in favour of Ljubljana. General governor was appointed as the head of government, during the existence of Illyrian provinces, four men served in this function: Marmont, Bertrand, Junot, Fouché. Napoleon´s decision to established the Illyrian provinces was motivated mainly by geopolitical, economic and military goals, thus the French government always acted in way to maintain advance from its occupation. For example, in 1813 Napoleon offered return of these territories (also with Galicia) in a dialogue to Metternich, in case that Austria will step out from the Coalition. Naturally, the Austrians rejected the offer and during the fall of 1813 conquered provinces