Biological Disinfection Research Paper

1. Biological disinfection by using bacteriophages

Human society requires water for drinking, sanitation, cleaning, and other applications, therefore, inadequate access to clean and safe water is one of the most prevalent problems affecting people throughout the world [1, 2]. Microbial pathogens are one of the major health risks related to water and wastewaters [3], and Waterborne diseases have been carried through microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa [4]. Therefore, water and wastewater disinfection are one of the most important sections applied in the treatment system or treatment plant [5]. However, disinfection of pathogens in water and wastewater continues to be an essential obstacle to diminish the risks of pathogen exposure

The main defect of the mentioned physical disinfection approaches is the absence of a reservoir effect, so that, these approaches are only effective in the immediate surroundings of their operating devices and have no lasting residual in water and wastewater that result in microbial regrowth into effluent reservoirs and pipelines after treatment [11, 12]. Beside, disinfection cost causes limitations for applying some disinfection approaches, for example, UV light disinfection for destroying and inactivating pathogens needs higher UV doses and consequently energy [6]. Also, the related cost for ozone disinfection (equipment and production), no residual disinfecting action, and measurement difficulties are some considerable disadvantages [9, 12]. In chemical disinfection, it has been observed the bacterial resistance to disinfectants in many studies (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains) [13-16], and biofilm associated bacteria have been reported as being up to 3000 times more resistant to free chlorine which reason of that can be exopolysaccharide produced by microorganisms [17]. Therefore, always it is needed the investigation of the newer disinfection strategies or approaches

So, will be discussed the restrictions of applying bacteriophages as disinfectant in water and wastewater treatment systems or plants. To this reason, were used key words as disinfection, bacteriophage, pathogen, and water and waste water, and was considered Google Scholar and scientific banks such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct to finding