Central Nervous System Research Paper

HOMOTROPIC MODULATION : It is the Modulation of presynaptic neuron by its own neurotransmitters . It is a form of autocrine signaling . this signaling includes usually the size ,numbers and the replenishment rate of the vesicles . it is often inhibitory with the effect of presynaptic inhibition ,making neurotransmitters self regulating .

Multiunit smooth muscle fibers contract rapidly in respond to the stimulation by neurons and function independently. Smooth muscle can contract auto-rhythmically as a result of elongation or when simulated by autonomic nervous system or hormone. Increase of calcium ions which is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum or enters from extracellular fluid; the next step is for the calcium ions bind to the calmodulin this forms calcium-calmodulin complex which activates an enzyme. This enzyme th

Each of these lobes has different functions from each other. On the other hand, the neurotransmitters are the information carriers, they carry electrochemical signals to and from the brain throughout the entire body in human beings. Then, we have the nervous system which can actually be divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) where the brain and spinal cord are parts of the CNS. The PNS can still be divided into two specific parts, the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). While the SNS directs the movements of the skeletal muscles, the ANS regulates involuntary processes such as the heart beating, breathing, blood pressure, and blood sugar level.

There are actually two types of our nervous system. These are the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system, but we will talk about

Each sensory receptor in the skin connects with a neuron in the central nervous system through various relay neurons. Along the way, sensations are converted into electrical signals. The neurons on this pathway delineate the contralateral. These signals travel along axons to the central nervous system. Their journey is comprised of being transmitted through the spinal cord, past the medulla where they cross, through the thalamus, and finally to the parietal lobes, specifically the postcentral gyrus.

In the white matter area of the medulla oblongata contains ascending and descending nerve tracks which cross the brain and spinal cord. The protrusions in the white matter forms the pyramids with corticospinal nerve connect the cerebrum with spinal cord which controls the movement of voluntary muscles. These nerve tracks cross the left side to the right side of the body. The medulla regulates the force and heart rate through the cardiovascular system and medullary rhythmic area of respiratory center controls the respiratory processes. Other functions are controlling reflexes for vomiting, swallowing, sneezing and coughing and hiccupping.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION Action potentials (electrical signals) convey information along neurons. Electrical changes in receptor cells initiate these signals. Chemicals induce these signals in chemoreceptors. Ion channels are openings in the cell membrane that allow the movement of ions through them. Positively charged ions like sodium ions move into

The defects in the cranial nerve (optic nerve) such as inflammation (neuritis) can cause the alterations in normal vision and sometimes even cause

INTRODUCTION Anatomy and Physiology of Angiocentic Glioma The most complex part of the body is the brain. It controls muscles movement, behavior, senses and all other functions of the body. The gray matter or cerebral cortex in the brain is the place where all the information is processed. Meanwhile, the cerebral lobe is the main source of intellectual activities.

The first three glands are all located in the brain. The hypothalamus gland connects the endocrine system to the nervous system and also regulates when

Five Critical Thinking Questions 1. How do neurotransmitters function? Neurotransmitters are chemicals located in synaptic vesicles. These chemicals are inside neurons and convey information.

The Somatic nervous system has two neutrons. Those two neutrons are sensory neurons and motor neurons. The sensory neurons job is to carry information to the central nervous system. The motor neurons job is to carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscle fibers throughout the

Even though transport proteins are involved in facilitated diffusion, it is still considered passive transport because the solute is moving down its concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion speeds up the transport of a solute by providing an efficient passage through the membrane, but it does not alter the direction of transport. Active transport requires energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient. As in most other cellular work, ATP will most often provide this energy, usually by transferring its terminal phosphate group directly to the transport protein. With ATP, the donated phosphate group induces the transport protein to change its shape in a manner that translocates the solute bound to the protein across the membrane.