Essay On Chromosomes
A chromosome consists of DNA packed into thread-like structures which carries our genes, in the nucleus of the cell. Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli first observed chromosomes in plant cells in 1842. Chromosome number is a species-specific character i.e. it differs in number from species to species. With the advances in cytogenetics, it was found that each human cell consists of total 46 chromosomes i.e. 22 autosomal pairs and two sex chromosomes either XX for female or XY for male, one of each type is contributed by the mother and father. Each of these chromosomes has distinct shape and size which separates them from each other. The chromosomes are less condensed throughout most of the stages of the cell cycle. They are clearly visible as highly condensed and dark distinct bodies only in the mitosis (cell division) stage metaphase.
Karyotype is the general appearance of the chromosomes in the cell. Karyotypes describe the total chromosome counts, their shape, size and banding patterns. Karyotyping is a test or
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Group A- longest in size, metacentric chromosomes. Chromosomes belonging to this group are 1, 2 and 3.
Group B- large sized sub-metacentric chromosomes. Chromosomes belonging to this group are 4 and 5.
Group C- medium sized sub-metacentric chromosomes. Chromosomes belonging to this group are 6 to 12 and X chromosome.
Group D- consist telocentric chromosomes. Chromosomes belonging to this group are 13, 14 and 15. They are shorter than the chromosomes of group C.
Group E- short sized, metacentric or sub-metacentric chromosomes. Chromosomes belonging to this group are 16, 17 and 18.
Group F- short sized, metacentric chromosomes. Chromosomes belonging to this group are 19 and 20.
Group G- they are shortest in size, acrocentric chromosomes with satellites. Chromosomes belonging to this group are 21, 22 and Y chromosome. No satellite on Y
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