DEPRESSION IN PREGNANCY – CONSEQUENCES AND TREATMENT MODALITIES
ABSTRACT
Depression is a mood disorder which can affect 1 in every 4 women at some point of life even during pregnancy. Depression is most often not properly diagnosed during pregnancy as it is assumed by people to be just another type of imbalance in hormones. But this assumption can be very dangerous to the mother and the foetus(1). The health care professionals are very cautious about the treatment for depression in pregnancy as both use of antidepressant and untreated depression in pregnancy can lead to risks for the unborn baby(2)(3). This review focusses on the complications associated with both treated and untreated depression during pregnancy. In addition, if the treatment is inevitable, then factors such as teratogenesis, withdrawal symptoms, neurobehavioral effects, risk of untreatment and risk of discontinuing the medication need to be considered before selecting the suitable therapy.
Key words: Pregnancy, Depression, Drug-therapy, Foetal toxicity.
INTRODUCTION
Pregnancy
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The baby born to a depressed woman is found to be more agitated and less active and decreased attentiveness compared to the infant born to a women without depression(9)(10)(11). Untreated depression in pregnant women can cause premature birth, low birth weight and many other developmental problems in the foetus(12). The postnatal depression in women can lead to poor cognitive and language development in the infant. They are found to have declined I.Q and insecure attachments. Postnatal depression in mother can lead to negative parenting and suicidal behaviour. They have poor parent child interaction(13)(14). Research has found that the prevention on maternal depression can prevent infant problems of maternal depression like behavioural problems, insecure attachments
Many people and characters experience traumatic changes or events. The book Maus written by Art Spiegelman includes the story of Anja Spiegelman. She was a mother of two with a history of depression that slowly worsened over time. The disheartening life of the young mother, somber and fearful, would slowly start to deteriorate after the birth of her first son, Richieu. Anja would go on to have postpartum depression, a depression that began after her first born son passed during the time of the Holocaust and lasted due to her survivor’s guilt.
In 2001, the nation was shocked into questioning the systems in which help the mentally ill. On June 20th, seemly picture perfect housewife, Andrea Yates, drowned her five children in the bathtub. Rusty Yates, Andrea’s husband, left for his job prior to his mother being able to arrive to the Yates household to help oversee Andrea and her children. For several years prior, after her first child, Andrea had come down with postpartum depression. With each and every pregnancy, it became far worse until she had develop postpartum psychosis.
However, maternal depression can take a large toll on the infant and the relationship they have, but the mother is usually not the only care taker of the baby. Evidence shows that prenatal and postnatal depression can have adverse effects. There is limited information in regards to the father’s mental health and its effects on the infant. Although, it is said that if the environment is more of a stressful one, the likely hood of behavioral problems is higher in children whether they may play a lot of video games or not (Linebarger, D.L.
Context. Postnatal depression is one of the most frequent difficulties viewed as behavioral issues and mental sickness/problems in women about four to six weeks after giving birth. It’s a major public health issue given its prevalence and impact not only on mothers and babies but also to their households as well. However, untreated postnatal depression is well-known to suffer adverse results such as unfavorable parenting practices and impaired mother-baby bonding, which in return is known to affect rationale and emotional growth of the baby. The gravest, of course, is maternal suicide and infanticide.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the causes of PPD, the impact of PPD on both parents, infant and children, the interventions available for postpartum depression, and how social determinants of health relates to postpartum depression. Postpartum depression negatively impacts a family in many levels. The mother feels feeling of incompetence, helplessness, fatigue, and worthlessness which increases the possibility of social isolation (Letourneau et al., 2012, p. 446). This can result in marital problems such as declining intimacy between partners, disagreement, and hostility. In the same way, men can also suffer from postpartum depression.
This is one of the bigger issues because postpartum depression is not represented in the media very often. Because of this many people many mothers don’t understand what is going on with them, and they may even think that it is a normal thing. But now there are many mothers coming forward with their experience with PPD such as Chrissy Teigen, Courtney Cox, Brooke Shields, and many more. Brooke Shields even published a book on her PPD journey, this book is called “Down Came The
Questioning the Incomprehensible Mental illness is defined as health conditions involving changes in thinking, emotion or behavior (or a combination of these) (American Psychiatric Association). There are different types of depression and they effect people differently also. With major depression working, sleeping, eating and spending time with friends and family becomes difficult to do because there is the constant feeling of hopelessness. Seeing that I have family and friends who suffer from depression, I wanted to learn more and see why people who are depressed think the way they do, what goes on inside their head to make them feel hopeless and if medication is the only way to help deal with depression even though for some people medicine doesn’t fully help them. What is the science behind depression and what makes a person’s brain chemistry without depression different from someone who suffer with depression?
Postpartum depression occurs after birth when the hormones of women are changing which causes many symptoms such as irritability, hot flashes, and sadness. In the short story, “The Yellow Wallpaper” the narrator suffers from postpartum depression and is put into a mental hospital by her husband only to find out in the end he was not who she thought he was and the place she was living was not what she had
Task 1 Mental Disorders= is whereby an individual has a mental condition which leads to impairment of the mind and the functioning of that person. This can have an effect on the person’s emotion and personality. Depression Depression is an illness which involves the body, thoughts and mood; this can have an effect on normal functioning daily. There are emotional, motivational, cognitive and physical symptoms which are linked in with depression. There are two types of explanations of depression one is biological and the other is psychological.
There have been many documented cases pertaining to mothers who have killed their own children due to the invasion of the involuntary hormonal imbalance of postpartum depression. “Women like, Claire Briggs who beat and tortured her second child to death, he was two-month-old. Briggs had her first child removed by social services due to her severe addiction. Lindsey Lowe age 25 killed her twins, Stacie Marie Parsons bashed in the head of her 4-year-old daughter because she was jealous of her, and Andrea Yates has become known nationwide for her incomprehensible crime (Citation Information =Article Title= Andrea Yates Biography =
Throughout the nation and our world people are suffering from this disease. Depression effects people of both genders, all ages, and any background. The history of mental illness, specifically depression were extremely helpful in today’s treatment and diagnosis. We know that all individuals are different and because of this, we can assume that each case of mental illness, more specifically depression, is unique in its own way as well. One treatment that is very effective for one person may not be equally as effective in a similar case simply because of the differences in patients.
Johns wort intake and seek professional advice for dose adjustment .For pregnant and breast feeding very little safety information available so its recommended to seek medical advice before considering the use of SJW. Basically SJW has more short term safety than long term .Depression get severe if not treated well ,do not consider SJW as a substitute for seeking medical help
Postpartum depression is something some mother 's get after having a baby. Postpartum needs to be more talked about to mother 's. There are many mother 's who go diagnosed with postpartum because they don 't know what it is. Postpartum can happen right after birth, although some mother 's don 't notice until around three weeks after the baby. This is a very common disease through out mother 's. You can actually get post partum with second birth, even though you never had it after your first. With postpartum you can feel hopeless and worthless as a mother.
293 women were interviewed (305 pregnant women originally conducted the questionnaire) three months after delivery giving time to obtain results for the postpartum period. Considering that the type of delivery could be a possible factor that influences research data when it comes to interpretation, the researchers consulted with the women about the type of
Young Adults And The Emerging Trend Of Depression In Instagram According to the American Psychiatric Association, depression is a “common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act” (“What is Depression”). Depression is known to be more prominent in young adults, especially with the increasing use of social media, such as Instagram. Many extrinsic and intrinsic factors that contribute to how we, as humans, feel, think, and act, but most importantly social and psychological factors that are leading to depression. Social factors such as loneliness, parasocial relationships, and validation.