During mid twentieth century as huge advancements were being made in the field of health care, doctors and researchers often faced conflicts of interest between patient care and medical innovation. They were not bound by the same systems of rules, regulations, and checks that are in place today, which allowed these conflicts of interest to manifest themselves at an institutional level in some horrible ways during and after the second world war. When these questionable practices inevitably came to light, the public was shocked and disgusted. It was no longer a certainty that a doctor or researcher would always act in the best interest of their patient or subject. The medical institution could no longer be trusted to act ethically, and this meant that an outside influence was necessary in the previously exclusive field of medicine. In this essay, I will outline three cases that illustrate ethical issues in both the research and practice of medicine that made clear the need for bioethics in the field of health care.
As mentioned above, WWII is when many of these unethical practices started to occur at an institutional level. A utilitarian mindset had taken over the country. If one wasn’t on the other side of the ocean
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The purpose of this research was to study the effects of syphilis on the human body if it went untreated. The main group of test subjects was 600 men of color, 399 of which had the disease, and 201 to be used as a control. The men were never informed of the purpose of the research and were lured into the study under the guise of free blood tests and treatment. Although at the start of the research there was no effective cure for the disease, the men were left untreated even after penicillin was discovered as the miracle cure for bacterial infections. In summary, doctors failed to treat sick patients in order to study a curable disease run its
This led to major breakthroughs in the medical world and allowed scientists to experiment effects of toxins and cures. “If the whole profession is doing it, how can you call it 'unprofessional conduct'?" (Skloot, 134) Skloot wrote this book to unveil the injustices that the Lacks family and many other African-Americans went through. The key passage shows that many medical professionals used the “everyone else is doing it” defense to justify their unethical behavior.
Throughout time as human population has continued to grow, there is an increasing need for a societal structure that addresses large health concerns as well as maintain infrastructure to provide health related services to the public. In our society today this is known as public health. Public health is the umbrella term for all services, preventions, and promotions of health related factors that directly relate to humans and animals as well as the environment around them. Due to the wide spectrum of responsibilities related to public health, many stories have arisen that directly relate to the abilities and processes that exist under it. The book called The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks directly relates to the ethical aspect of public health.
Science and ethics have been colliding back and forth for centuries. Science want to discover new technologies to help people and for other selfish reason. People want medical help to save their loved ones. Many times scientists have sacrificed the good of a few for the needs of many. In Rebecca Skloot's modern day investigative biography The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Rebecca Skloot uses Pathos to develop the themes of immorality and unethical behavior of medical science.
One of the most fundamental trust relationships is between a patient and their doctor. Physicians have supposedly earned their trustworthy title because of their extended education and desire to help others. However, this perception is being shattered by physicians violating patients’ trust by not providing all the information needed for making a responsible decision for a person’s health and performing unimaginable procedures. “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” provides multiple examples of the unethical practice of doctors. When scientists do not recognize their subjects as human beings and their relationship results in an unbalanced power dynamic, their advantageous position often leads to the unethical treatments of subjects, especially
For many years, the creation of man-made medicine has gone through many trial and error, progress and complication. One major way in which medicine has thrived was through the form of experiments, some on animals, plants and humans. Unfortunately, certain medical experiments have had drastic consequences. The Tuskegee Experiment was a medical experiment used to study the long-term effects of syphilis of not treated. In 1932, the Public Health Service together with the Tuskegee Institute, began an experiment to record the long-term effects of syphilis which also became a strict medical treatment programs for blacks.
Bioethics research studies are defined as studies that focus on the ethics and philosophical implications in medicine (Dictionary). The Tuskegee Syphilis Study is a prime example of a bioethical research that was ongoing from 1932 until 1972 at the Tuskegee Institute in Macon, Alabama. The United States Public Health Services (USPHS) and the Tuskegee Institute were responsible for carrying out the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The sole purpose of the study was to monitor the effects syphilis has on the human body when allowed to go untreated.
The Tuskegee study of Untreated Syphilis began in 1932, mainly designed to determine the history of untreated latent syphilis on 600 African American men in Tuskegee, Alabama. 201 out of 600 men were non-syphilitic just unknowingly involved in the study as a control group This study is known to be “the most infamous biomedical research study in the U.S history”. Most of these men had never visited a doctor and they had no idea what illness they had. All of the men agreed to be a participant thinking they were being treated for “bad blood” and plus they were given free medical care and meals.
One of which was failure of trust; investigator and subjects trust should be at 100% in throughout the research process, however, starting from the beginning and lasting throughout the study subjects were not told they had syphilis and they were not treated for syphilis or any other medical problem they may have been facing. Another was the lack of consent or informed consent, so once after penicillin became the standard treatment for syphilis, researchers did not administer the cure, until discovered in 1972, when a public health official went to the press with this unlawful case study. (The Tuskegee Syphilis Study - Ethics in Mental Health Research). By 1936, it was apparent that much more infected men than controls had developed complications, and 10 years later, reports indicated that the death rate among those with syphilis was about twice as high as it was among the controls. (Protecting Human Subject Research Participants).
Ethical theories are ways of telling right from wrong and include guidelines of how to live and act in an ethical way. For example when faced with a difficult situation in your life, you can use ethical theories to assist you in making the right decision. One key theory is consequentialism, which says that an individual’s correct moral response is related to the outcome/ consequence of the act and not its intentions/ motives. Early writers on this theory were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, a modern writer is Peter Singer. For example Brenda Grey has asked for the asthma specialist to visit her weekly, and to decide if this is necessary the professionals involved have to look at how it would affect her wellbeing.
The study would ultimately prove that everyone, no matter the color of their skin, is equal when it comes to the disease of syphilis. The intention behind manipulating the men was not for the greater good of society, but instead was for the greater good of Dr. Brodus and Miss Evers. Although the actions of Dr. Brodus and Miss Evers prove to be unethical, I also find the actions to be unprofessional. Miss Evers should have informed the men of the severity of the disease, as well as how the disease is passed from one individual to another. They failed to inform their patients of many of the risks that came along with the disease.
The origination of HeLa cells, used in biomedical research for a potential cure for cancer, had made many ground breaking discoveries in science; all thanks to one woman, Mrs. Henrietta Lacks. The history of Mrs. Lacks’s contribution to these studies raised many ethical issues concerning healthcare practice. In the short film, The Way of All Flesh, we learn how these cells were revealed by direct violation of ethical principles. During the 1950s, matters regarding informed consent practices were in their beginning stages of implementation.
In the case of Henrietta Lacks and her family, the mistreatment of doctors and lack of informed consent defined nearly 60 years of the family’s history. Henrietta Lacks and her children had little to no information about serious medical procedures and the use of Henrietta’s cells in research. Henrietta’s cells launched a multibillion-dollar industry without her consent and doctors even took advantage of her children’s lack of education to continue their research without questions: “[Doctor] did not explain why he was having someone draw blood from Deborah… he wrote a phone number and told her to use it for making more appointments to give more blood” (188). Deborah did not have the knowledge to understand the demands or requests the doctors made of her, and the doctors did not inform her explicitly.
This study was referred to as the “Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis
The practice of health care includes many scenarios that have to do with making adequate decisions when it comes to a patient’s life, and the way they are treated. Having an ethical code in all health care organizations is very important, because it helps health care workers with reaching a suited and ethical decision when it comes to the patient. In health care, patient will always be put first, and their autonomy will always be respected. Nevertheless, when there is a situation where a patient might be in harm, or might be making their condition worse because of the decisions they made. Health care workers will always be there to
Ethical Issues in Healthcare There are many ethical issues facing health care at any time and it is impossible to say definitively which is the most pressing or the most important. Health care professionals are expected to base their practice on a set of ethical principles, including truthfulness, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and confidentiality. Ethical issues can arise, however, when a l professional is called upon to act in opposition to personal values or in cases where the values of patient, health care worker, and sponsoring institution conflict. The following issues are presented in no order. Neonatal Ethics Neonates are babies within their first twenty-eight days of life.