Introduction Pregnancy and giving birth to a child are two of the most significant, fantastic, and pleasant events in most women’s lives. However, for some women, they are stressful and may be associated with severe fear of childbirth. Receiving support from partner and family and counseling support may decrease unusual fear of childbirth. If untreated, fear of childbirth remain and increase with approaching labor onset [1]. According to conducted studies, 20% of women experience severe anxiety and fear of childbirth which in 6 to 10% of them interferes with their daily lives [2].
Fear of childbirth may be related to worry about labor pain, childbirth tears, doubt about ability to giving birth vaginally, lack of support, being lonely during labor, and fear of child death or mother’s own death [2, 3]. Studies indicated that women’s fear related to childbirth is multidimensional and can be categorized into domains including pain, obstetric injuries, loss of control, insufficient support and loss of the baby’s or their own life [2, 4].
These fears may cause complications such as experiencing severe labor pain [5], postpartum depression or anxiety, physical problems, and impaired mother-fetus attachment [6-8]. Anxiety and stress can increase the levels of catecholamine, which can
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The State Anxiety Inventory measures anxiety at the time of assessment, which can fluctuate over time. The Trait Anxiety Inventory measures anxiety level as a personal characteristic, which is stable over time. Each scale included 20 items with a response scale of 1-4. The scales’ total score ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating higher anxiety [21]. The STAI showed acceptable internal consistency (0.89) [22]. Mahram translated the scale into Farsi and confirmed the validity of the instrument. The internal consistency of the state (0.91) and trait (0.90) items were excellent
In the United States alone,“ The pregnancy-related mortality ratios were 17.8 and 15.9 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2011 and 2012”(CDC 1). In 2011-2012 pregnancy-related deaths were caused by, “non-cardiovascular diseases, infection/sepsis, hemorrhage, cardiomyopathy, thrombotic pulmonary embolism..”.(HHS 1). These aren’t even all of the possibilities of what might happen, but majority of them can be helped with the correct medical attention. During childbirth, it is important to not only make sure that the baby is okay, but also the mother. A hospital is an ideal place to be if something might occur and there is a chance something will happen during childbirth.
Context. Postnatal depression is one of the most frequent difficulties viewed as behavioral issues and mental sickness/problems in women about four to six weeks after giving birth. It’s a major public health issue given its prevalence and impact not only on mothers and babies but also to their households as well. However, untreated postnatal depression is well-known to suffer adverse results such as unfavorable parenting practices and impaired mother-baby bonding, which in return is known to affect rationale and emotional growth of the baby. The gravest, of course, is maternal suicide and infanticide.
Shah addresses the reader with caring motives and understanding of how physically demanding and life-changing pregnancy can be. ‘’I am acutely aware that even women with healthy pregnancies can develop life-threatening hemorrhage, fetal distress, or other unanticipated emergencies during labor.’’ Shah recognizes the risk associated with pregnancy and tells the reader of his concerns. He even recognizes the amount of financial expenses and stress associated with C-sections. ‘’Nearly, half of the of the caesareans we do in the US currently appear to be
The purpose of this paper is to explore the causes of PPD, the impact of PPD on both parents, infant and children, the interventions available for postpartum depression, and how social determinants of health relates to postpartum depression. Postpartum depression negatively impacts a family in many levels. The mother feels feeling of incompetence, helplessness, fatigue, and worthlessness which increases the possibility of social isolation (Letourneau et al., 2012, p. 446). This can result in marital problems such as declining intimacy between partners, disagreement, and hostility. In the same way, men can also suffer from postpartum depression.
Postpartum psychiatric illness is typically divided into three categories. Postpartum blues which appears in 50 to 85% of women after child birth. Postpartum depression is a mild stage of psychosis and appears in about 15% of mothers. Finally postpartum psychosis, which is the most severe form of postpartum psychiatric illness.
Postpartum Depression Postpartum depression refers to a kind of depression that some women experience after childbirth (Miller762–5). Postpartum depression is described as a chronic and debilitating psychological condition that is highly characterized with reduced quality life, heavy burden in regard to its treatment and management, and increased risks to a myriad of life-threatening adverse events and complications (Dennis & Dowswell). This disorder in the last years has gained more attention, more and more women suffer. This instant is the most important and beautiful that takes place in the life of a person, but also the most dramatic, so we must respect the times, fears and beliefs of the future mother, so you can help more in this
Emily Martin wrote the novel The Woman in the Body to show how women are being degraded to metaphors and that their natural processes are deemed a social process. Women are being placed in a medical community where their best interests are being degraded to medical practices. The mother is being separated from her body and being placed secondary to the deliverance of the baby. The woman is being influenced by technology and society in order to conform to the needs and wants of the doctor through their use of power and authority. Max Weber developed the Theory of Domination, which perfectly exemplifies the influence doctors in the medical community have on women.
Anxiety is embedded within the symptoms of postpartum depression and the research demonstrates data as to why this can be overlooked in many cases (Thurgood, Avery &Williamson, 2009). “This may be why so many cases of PPD are missed, as many clinicians use the Patient Health Questionnaire which covers depressed mood and dysphoria, but not anxiety as their primary screening technique” (Thurgood, Avery &Williamson, 2009) . Indeed, 66% of depressed mothers have a co-morbid anxiety disorder and should be evaluated carefully by their physicians so the appropriate interventions may be utilized. It is important for the physician to distinguish these feelings of anxiety as pathological and not necessarily attributed to being a new mother. Some physicians generalize having anxiety as a result of being a first time mother or being a mom in general, this results in treatment being overlooked.
Care During Labor and Delivery: The Outcomes of Hydrotherapy As expectant women seek non-pharmacologic methods of pain management, hydrotherapy is a good start. The practice of using submersion in water for alternative pain relief is referred to as hydrotherapy. Hydrotherapy can help provide an environment optimal for a gentle, physiologic birth. This paper will explore the efficacy of hydrotherapy as a pain management tool in labor and how hydrotherapy influences the outcomes of deliveries.
PRE-ECLAMPSIA Description Preeclampsia is a condition that occurs only during pregnancy. Some symptoms of preeclampsia may include high blood pressure and protein in the urine, occurring after week 20 of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is often precluded by gestational hypertension. While high blood pressure during pregnancy does not necessarily indicate preeclampsia, it may be a sign of another problem. Pre-eclampsia is one of the most common cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
293 women were interviewed (305 pregnant women originally conducted the questionnaire) three months after delivery giving time to obtain results for the postpartum period. Considering that the type of delivery could be a possible factor that influences research data when it comes to interpretation, the researchers consulted with the women about the type of
The “so what “stage of Driscoll model (Rolfe, 2011) allows the exploration of this incident in all its perspectives. Therefore, critical analysis will be completed with the key themes being effects of having a pre-term baby, maternal anxiety, cultural differences, communication, therapeutic nurse relationship, and its impact on
This week I read an article about how women transition into parenthood and how between cultures, birthing systems are beginning to change under the influence of Western medicine. I am going to talk about the cross-cultural comparison of birthing systems, the ecology of birth, and the use of medication in childbirth. Childbirth is a physiological and cultural transaction. Giving birth and the postpartum period after birth are two moments where the mother and child are most vulnerable to ritual danger to the whole family and or community.
2. Insecurity during pregnancy! This is one of the most common fear that each women faces during pregnancy! Her body changes to varying size and the moods go for a roller coaster ride.
The arrival of a new baby, especially the first always marks a new beginning for a mother. It comes with a lot of challenges more so if the mother is less knowledgeable about baby care. Take such as cleaning the baby for the first time, or feeding, it is not easy. The baby is still fragile and slippery and needs a special care. But if the mother is not ready for all these, or maybe, does not have any knowledge on what to do, the baby’s life might be endangered since the baby needs a special care which only the mother can give.