Mendelian Inheritance Report
INTRODUCTION:-
Several experiments have shown the presence of the genes on chromosomes inside the nucleus. These genes inside nucleus control the phenotypes of the organisms and are transmitted from one generation to next generation. This hereditary transmission is known as Mendelian Inheritance. The nuclear genes are inherited from male and female parents in equal proportions and contribute equally to the genetic constitution of the offspring.
However, some inheritance patterns have been observed which do not follow the regular Mendelian inheritance or even the extensions of the Mendelian genetics. These variations confer that the genes for the inheritance of certain characters do not occur within the nucleus. These are present in cytoplasm
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In maternal effect, the hereditary determinants are nuclear genes transmitted by both sexes.
EVIDENCES FOR EXTRA NUCLEAR INHERITANCE:
1. By Carl Correns in Mirabilis jalapa :
Evidence for cytoplasmic inheritance was first reported by Carl Correns (one of the rediscoverers of Mendel’s work) in Mirabilis jalapa (4o’clock plant) in 1908.
He observed that some branches in 4o’clock plant had white leaves, some had green and some had variegated leaves. The completely white leaves and the white areas in variegated leaves were devoid of chlorophyll that otherwise provides green colour. It comes out that the branch colour is determined by the phenotype of the ovule source. If the seeds (future progeny) were derived from ovules on branches with green leaves, all progeny plants have only green leaves. It doesn’t depend on the source of
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Since colour of leaf is a function of the chloroplast, genetic information responsible for transmission of trait is either contained in chloroplast or somehow present in the cytoplasm and influencing the chloroplast.
2. CHLOROPLAST MUTATIONS IN Chlamydomonas
Ruth Sager in 1954 reported the first known cytoplasmic mutation, streptomycin resistance (strR) in Chlamydomonas.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - Unicellular green alga used in investigation of chloroplast inheritance. It is haploid eukaryotic organism and contains a single large chloroplast having 75 copies of a circular dsDNA molecule.
Chlamydomonas has two mating types- mt+ and mt-, which make equal cytoplasmic contributions to the zygote but strR phenotype is transmitted only through the mt+ parent. Reciprocal crosses between sensitive and resistant strains yield different results depending on the genotype of the mt+ parent, which is expressed in all offspring. One-half of the offspring are mt+ and one-half of them are mt- indicating that the mating type is controlled by a nuclear gene that segregates as per Mendelian
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