What Is Leptospirosis?
3. Review of Literature
3.1 Natural disasters
Natural disasters are sudden massive damage causing events with atmospheric, geologic, and hydrologic origins. These disasters include landslides, earthquake, floods, tsunami, volcanic eruptions, landslides, road accidents and drought. Since 2 decades, natural disasters have killed millions of people and affected the lives of at least 1 billion more people, and resulted in substantial economic crises (Watson et al., 2007). Developing countries are disproportionately affected as they lack resources, infrastructure, and disaster-preparedness systems. Deaths associated with natural disasters, especially in rapid-onset disasters, are overwhelmingly due to blunt trauma, crush-related injuries, or drowning.
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Transmission occurs through contact of the skin and mucous membranes with water, damp soil or vegetation or mud contaminated with rodent urine. Flooding facilitates spread of the organism due to the multiplication of rodents and the proximity of rodents to humans on shared high ground. Outbreaks of leptospirosis occurred in Taiwan, Republic of China, associated with Typhoon Nali in 2001 (Yang et al., 2005); in Mumbai, India, after flooding in 2000 (Karande et al., 2003); in Argentina after flooding in 1998 (Vanasco et al., 2002); and in the Krasnodar region of the Russian Federation in 1997 (Kalashnikov et al., 2003). After a flooding-related outbreak of leptospirosis in Brazil in 1996, spatial analysis indicated that incidence rates of leptospirosis doubled inside the flood prone areas of Rio de Janeiro (Barcellos et al., …show more content…
Contaminated wounds, particularly in populations where vaccination coverage levels are low, are associated with illness and death from tetanus. A cluster of 106 cases of tetanus, including 20 deaths, occurred in Aceh and peaked 2 ½ weeks after the tsunami (World Health Organization 2005). Cases were also reported in Pakistan following the 2005 earthquake (World Health Organization 2006). An unusual outbreak of coccidiomycosis occurred in southern California earth quake in January 1994. The infection is not generally transmitted person to person and is caused by the fungus Coccidioides immitis, which is found in soil in certain semiarid areas of North and South America. This outbreak was associated with exposure to increased levels of airborne dust subsequent to landslides in the aftermath of the earthquake (Schneider et al.,
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1514 Words | 7 PagesIt can lead to fractures and deformity. Also midwesterners had Valley Fever which is a lung disease. It is endemic in the southwestern United States, northwestern Mexico, Central America, and South America. This fungus naturally grows in alkaline soil in hot, dry areas. The spores can lie formant for a long time in harsh condtions like heat and drought.
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926 Words | 4 PagesThe arrival of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492, started what may be described as a wave of infectious disease and death. With the discovery of the New World came a flood of colonist and conquistadors. As the Europeans explored and discovered foreign unknown lands, the natives had to deal with a foreign matter of their own. “Europeans and the African Slaves they brought inadvertently carried bacteria and viruses across the Atlantic that Native Americans had never encountered. ”(Campbell, 2008, p.3).
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