Summary: Oligotrophic Environment
1.1 Oligotrophic environment
An environment is defined as “oligotrophic” when it proffers very little to sustain the life. They are often characterized by slow growth and low rates of metabolism. Oligotrophic environments, such as oceans and some lakes, are subjected to rapid changes under nutritional conditions which are best described in terms of flux of nutrients. Despite the low-level of nutrients in oligotrophic waters, microbial numbers persist on the order of 0.5–5 * 105 cells per mL (Whitman et al., 1998). In this oligotrophic environment, prokaryotes play an essential role in regulating the accumulation, export, remineralization and transformation of the world’s largest pool of organic carbon. As a result, the open ocean is composed
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D. shibae are Gram-negative cocci or ovoid rods and the bacterium has been isolated from the surface of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. They are also motile by a single, polarly or subpolarly inserted flagellum and have characteristic pigment formation which varies from pink to light red if grown in the dark. D. shibae harbors five plasmids and needs additional vitamins (biotin, nicotinate, and 4-aminobenzoate) to grow in minimal seawater medium. To obtain energy, D. shibae can use oxygen, nitrate or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as terminal electron acceptor. Additionally, some members of the Roseobacter produce storage compounds belonging to the group of polyhydroxyalkanoates (Yurkov and Beatty, 1998). Under optimal conditions, Dinoroseobacter sp. JL1447, a close relative of D. shibae, has been found to produce large quantities of polyhydroxyalkanoates (Xiao and Jiao, 2011). Since the initial description of D. shibae in 2005, studies on the genome sequencing and transcriptome analyses under changing illumination conditions have been published (Biebl et al., 2005; Wagner-Döbler et al., 2010; Tomasch et al., 2011). Furthermore the energy conservation (Holert et al., 2011) anoxic adapatation (Ebert et al., 2013; Lass et al., 2014), computational analysis of metabolism (Rex et al., 2013) and quorum sensing induced morphological heterogeneity (Patzelt et al., 2013) in D. shibae have been
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