About Rice Research Paper

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop belongs to family Poaceae or Gramineae and most important staple diet crop throughout the world (sharanapp et al., 2017). Rice crop being most important staple crop providing food for half of the world population. In developing countries, it serves as main source of income and employment for the rural community (soomro et al., 2013). Rice is a basic diet and cash crop in East Asia where vast cultivation is carried out. Major rice growing areas include India, Thailand, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Japan, Pakistan, Philippine, Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam and USA (Aine et al., 2017).
Statistics
Rice is grown in 110 countries over the area of 145 million hectares. The one fifth of world cropland area is covered by paddy

It is estimated that rice crop provides about 19 % global calories intake. It has become third highest worldwide agricultural commodity (patel and sing, 2017). Worldwide, rice is become second major food crop in consumption as well as in production. Rice serves as high energy calorie in human diet. Mainly rice consist of 72-75 percent carbohydrates, 7 percent protein content, 4 percent phosphorous, 16-22 percent ash in rice husk. Protein portion includes glutelin and some enzyme. Nutritive value of rice is greater than that of wheat. In case of rice biological nutritive value is 80 while in wheat is 60. Rice bran is a mixture of crude fiber, protein, fat and ash. Brewer' rice is mostly used in brewing industry (Kumar et al., 2013). The major constraints that result in low yield of rice in Pakistan are insect pest (wakil et al., 2001).
Insect Pests
Rice cropland is inhabited by varies kind of invertebrates. Soil-inhabiting arthropods include land-dwelling insects and spiders. Globally, 800 species of insects have been reported in rice ecosystem. Plants parts being damage due to chewing tissues, boring stems, sucking the sap of stem and grains by the insect pest. It affects the physiology of plants and lower crop yield (Aine et al., 2017).
More than 100 species of insects subjected to attack rice plant, twenty of them are more destructive pests

It accounts for 5-75% of yield loss in Asia and Africa (Mutamiswa et al., 2017). The main devastators are stem borers which causes economic crop losses in Pakistan (Mahar and Hakro, 1979). In south-east Asia, five species of stem borers have been reported namely; Yellow Stem Borer (YSB), Scripophaga incertulas (Walker); Pink Stem Borer (PSB), Sesamia inferens (Walker); Dark Headed Stem Borer (DHSB), Chilo polychrysus; White borer (WB), Scripophaga innotata (Walker); Stripped Stem Borer (SSB), Chilo supressalis (rahaman et al.,