CHAPTER V
KINDS OF STALKING
Based on the manner of stalking, that is how victim is pursued by the stalker, stalking can be divided into following:
1) Physical Stalking:
The most conventional or traditional form of stalking is physical stalking. It is also called offline stalking. Here the stalker or accused physically stalk their victim and usually turn up at places of employment, residence or any public place visited by the victim. The stalker follows or spy on their victim. The stalker may also send letters or postcards and leave unwanted gifts or presents to their victim in order to pester and perturb her.
There are cases of physical stalking which has resulted into more severe crime such as rape, kidnapping or abduction or murder. In one of the case , Ali Nanu, accused, stalked a girl of 21 years, when she
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Cyberstalking can be direct or indirect . Cyberstalking comprises utilising mobile, pagers, email and electronic messages to send pictures or messages of threat, vulgarity, obscenity and abhorrence in order to overawe victim. Wallace (2000) believed that direct cyberstalking is the most regular kind cyberstalking with near similarity to offline stalking . Online harassment, that is, cyberstalking begins first by direct cyberstalking. The majority of offline stalkers endeavours to contact their victim, and most contact are confined to email or telephonic …show more content…
Indirect cyberstlking starts mostly through chat rooms, instant messages, message boards and newsgroups. Ogilvie (2000) asserts that indirect cyberstalking has the utmost potential to mix into the real world as there is risk of third party getting involved in it
The Guidelines Manual states that if the defendant knew or should have known that a victim of the offense was a vulnerable victim, the defendant’s sentence will increase. The Guidelines define a vulnerable victim as a victim who is unusually vulnerable due to age, physical or mental condition, or who is otherwise particularly susceptible to the criminal conduct. The Commentary instructs that the vulnerable victim enhancement should not be applied if the factor that makes the person a vulnerable victim is already incorporated in the offense guideline. It explains that if the underlying offense guideline provides a separate enhancement for the age of the victim, the vulnerable victim enhancement would not be applied unless the victim was unusually vulnerable for reasons unrelated to age. C. The Differing Applications of the Vulnerable Victim Enhancements by the Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth Circuits 1.
In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the Creature that the protagonist, Victor Frankenstein creates, exhibits the same characteristics of a stalker. The Creature does not look like a normal human being and this causes people to be afraid of him. Though, like any normal human, he just wishes to be accepted. Because of his outward appearance, the creature is unable to address people directly, thus forcing him to observe society from its perimeters. He is unable to make any friends which causes him to be a very lonely being.
Krebs breaks down complex concepts and processes into understandable terms, making the world of cybercrime more accessible to the average reader. Furthermore, "Spam Nation" serves as a stark reminder of the importance of cybersecurity. It highlights the potential consequences of falling victim to these attacks, emphasizing the need for vigilance and education in protecting against them. In conclusion, "Spam Nation" is a compelling and insightful read. It provides a unique perspective on the world of cybercrime, making it a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the underbelly of the internet.
There are six types of tactics that abusers use to gain more power of their partner. Dominance, humiliation, isolation, threats, intimidation, denial, and blame. Dominance is the need for the abuser to feel in charge of you and the relationship. They will always tell you what to do and what to think. Treating you like his or her servant and expect you will obey without asking any questions.
This case also cleared up what constitutes as legally watching, The criminal code states merely looking, smiling or standing alone without any specific intent does not equal stalking under this section. Finally, the 2005 case of R. v Ohenhen determined what counted as "repeated" communication. The facts of the case are as follow, in 1990 the complainant and the appellant Mr. Ohenhen met for the first time at CNE where the appellant took the complainant’s number. After that
Harassment and abuse are considered breaches of human rights and occur in all countries. According to Encyclopedia of Psychology, sexual abuse is unwanted sexual activity with perpetrators using force, making threats or taking advantage of victims who are not able to give consent. Most of victims and perpetrators know each other. In sport, women athletes are more frequent victims of harassment and abuse than men athletes. Many women athletes drop out of sport rather than continue being subjected to the constant harassment and abuse.
In Elizabeth Swoboda 's "Iritual Sault", she claims that cyberbullies use the psychology of online communities to attack and hurt other people and she gives ways to combat these bullies. The advancement of technology has given so much to the development of this world, yet many people choose to abuse this technology to harm others through a bullying called "cyberbullying". Swoboda gives an example of cyberbullying that talks about a young lady named Caitlyn Seida who was chastised for posting a picture of her wearing a Lara Croft costume to a Halloween costume party. Seida was a victim of cyberbullying. Swoboda, throughout the article, talks about problem that is cyberbullying and how it is affecting our children, our communities, and the world.
One example of stalking is called intimate stalking. Intimate stalking usually occurs once an individual get out of a relationship. The main reasoning for this type of stalking is because a individual will feel incomplete after a break-up. Also, women are
Many aspects are used to identify suspect(s) of violent crimes. Signature is a term used to describe the behaviors committed by an offender that serve the person’s psychological and emotional needs. By analyzing and interpreting an offender’s signature behavior, along with other elements such as modus operandi (MO) and victimology, profilers can then behaviorally link cases and develop an understanding of an offender’s motives. Signature is a term that was first used by the American criminal profiler John Douglas, a supervisory special agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (http://what-when-how.com/forensic-sciences/offender-signature/). He developed the term to help investigators distinguish offender behaviors that suggest psychological needs from offender behaviors that are a part of the MO.
Criminal Harassment or stalking is defined as conduct that is repeated and carried out over a period of time which makes a person fear for their safety or the safety of someone they know. Stalking is considered a crime in Canada and does not necessarily have to result in physical injury. In most cases of stalking, the stalker is known either from a past relationship, friendship or someone from the workplace. In cases where the victim is a stranger, the stalker believes that eventually the victim will fall in love with them, and believe that the victim loves them but cannot express their love because of an external influence. “The Bureau of Justice Statistics defined stalking as a course of conduct, directed at a specific person on at least
Even though physical harm of a victim does not have to be present, stalking is a crime that can cause deep emotional trauma for victims. Violators who choose to stalk may, but don’t always, suffer from a psychotic disorder and become delusional. However, the choice to stalk is an individual decision made by the offender. Many stalkers mistakenly feel their victim’s desire to be with them and it is common for obsession to occur. The theory of attachment can be applied; however in these cases only the stalker feels them and their victim share mutual bonding.
Partner Stalking Stalking is the act to pursue or approach stealthily. Therefore, stalking can be described as an unwanted course of action directed toward an individual that prompts fear. Moreover, stalking behaviors are usually dismissed, and hard to recognize because it is an “evolving, continuous, or progressive crime, not static” (Davis & Chipman, 2001, p. 13). Around 80% of people know their stalker (Baum, Catalano, Rand, & Rose, 2009; Spitzberg & Cupach, 2007), and females are the largest targeted by their intimate partners (including boyfriends, ex-boyfriends, husbands, and ex-husbands; Melton, 2000; Sheridan, Blaauw, & Davies, 2003; Spitzberg, 2002a; Spitzberg & Cupach, 2007; Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998). Stalking is a form of abuse through
One of the biggest issues of online communication is cyber bullying. It is defined as, ‘‘the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others” (Baas, de Jong, and Drossaert, 1). There is so much anonymity online which makes it difficult for cyberbullying to stop. From personal experience, I have been cyberbullied on social media websites like Youtube. People commented hurtful things on my videos, I was fifteen at the time, so I did not tell my parents.
Annotated Bibliography Brody, N., & Vangelisti, A. L. (2017). Cyberbullying: Topics strategies, and sex differences. Computers in Human Behaviors, 75, 739-748. Doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.020 There are multiple strategies to cyberbullying, the most common strategies include public and private comments, photographs, and status updates. Cyberbullies use these strategies to make someone feel less than what they are.
There was no such thing as worldwide web to provide instant access to information. Now internet is almost everywhere and changing our live. This research paper will focus on social engineering attacks taking place in the digital realm and addresses the following questions. What social engineering is?