Dotted with low-lying valleys here and there, this irregular mountainous area of Kashmir, lies between 32 degrees 17 minutes North to 36 degrees 58 minutes North Latitude and 73 deg. 26 min. East to 80 deg. 30 min. East Longitude. In latitude the entire area corresponds to Peshawur (Pakistan), Baghdad and Damascus, Fez (Morocco) and South Carolina (North America). The state is mostly mountainous with an area of 86,023 square miles. From north to south it extends over 400 miles (640 km.)and from east to west 300 miles (480 km.) All along the history, it has remained an independent country till Akbar’s conquest in 1586 AD. Till 1947 Jammu & Kashmir was the largest princely state of undivided India. The State of Jammu & Kashmir is bounded on the …show more content…
Abdul Qaiyum Rafiqi about various orders of Sufism in Kashmir and ‘Sufis of Kashmir’ by Mohammad Ishaq Khan quoting authentic biographical sketches of hundreds of the contemplative and spiritual masters who profoundly shaped the Kashmiri society during the 14th and 19th centuries- in alphabetical order makes an interesting reading for the student of the subject. The later stresses that Sufism’s historical achievement in Kashmir lay in furnishing the sheet-anchor which would not simply hold the Kashmiri Muslim community fast to the shrines, but more importantly to the fundamentals of Islam. The remarkable unity of purpose and action displayed by the Sufis as embodiments of inner and social stability is not simply a spiritual, but more than that, a historical legacy bequeathed by them to …show more content…
1st Century Hijri / 7th Century AD :
According to a chronicle in Sharda script preserved in Archives Dapartment of J&K Govt. two companions (Sahabis) of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) visited Kashmir in the Prophet’s time (in 7th century AD) itself and Raja Bala Dutt (586-617 AD) was so impressed that he gave up his royal grandeur and adopted simplicity and fixed one tenth (ushur) of his revenue for the distribution among poor and the needy. The two Sahabis are reported to have proceeded then to China along the Silk-route.
There is sufficient evidence that in the 97 AH an Arab Muslim, Hameem by name, was among the first visitors who belonged to the Arab race. It was a matter of chance, as the Arabs won a decisive victory in the Sindh. Raja Dahir’s son ran away and found shelter with the then ruler of Kashmir and received an estate. The fugitive prince had an Arab Muslim with him namely Hameem, who was allowed to settle in a part of Srinagar, which was known as Malchamar.
Since Muslims spread in different corners of the world with their religious fervour many were brought under the fold of Islam. At places Muslims had to undergo conquests, but in Kashmir no force was used, instead there remained influx of traders, sufis, scholars and tourists, who attracted people towards Islam by their piety and superiority of
The lucrative location of the beginnings of Islam lead many merchants to trade while spreading the culture. Mecca, Islam’s headquarters, was in the crossroads of the world and in a perfect location for trade, which led to the spread of the culture. In a map created
According to many sources, Muslims went on military conquests all the way through Africa, up to Spain and all the way to France; also, the military attacked up to Constantinople, across the Tigris River, and all the way to the Indus River in Asia(Doc. C). This map shows that the Muslim military traveled far across three continents and conquered a very large area in 125 years. The last reason that Islam spread so rapidly was the Muslim military that won many important battles and conquered a very large
The early Islamic empire expanded using three methods. These methods included military conquest, political means, and financial incentives. First, the Islamic empire expanded through military force. According to the document A: battle of Yarmuck, the battle was fierce and bloody. 24,000 Muslims took part and 70,000 Greeks were put to death.
First, it was at the crossroads of the lucrative caravan trade.” This shows that since Mecca was such an important trade stop, many people from all over the area would pass through. Document A also states, “Two empires, Persia and the Byzantine Empire, shown on the map are in relation to Arabia because they surround it.” This
The idea of peace expressed by Islam motivated others to convert to this Faith. Incidentally, Karen Armstrong discussed that “for centuries…Arabs had [added to] their inadequate resources by means of the ghazu [raids against other tribes], but Islam had put a stop to this because the ummah [Muslim community] was not permitted to attack one another” (Document D). Accordingly, the ghazu raids contradicted the peace of Islam, which showed that this religion was amicable. Many people desired to convert to Islam because of the way the religion refrained from brawls and raids. Therefore, the Muslim population increased and the religion thrived.
In Africa during the Post-Classical era, 600-1450 CE, the Saharan was no longer a barren wasteland hardly suitable for travel, but, an essential part of both North African and Sub-Saharan West African societies. Camels and caravans allowed for quicker and more effective traveling. With trading becoming increasingly popular in this area, it provided the resources to build new and larger political structures. During this era, Africa’s economy began to change and the western part of Sub-Saharan was no different. With the Trans-Saharan trade routes ability to increase with the help of wealthier Islamic states, it allowed for the spread of religious and political ideas such as larger empires and the Islamic faith in which both greatly influenced
The early Islamic empire expanded by using different methods such as conquering lands, spreading their religion, treaties, or bribery. According to document B, “We [Abd al-Aziz’s forces] will not harass him [Theodmir], nor remove him from power.” The Muslims spread their religion and many people converted though the Muslims made treaties to keep peace between different lands. Muslims did have to conquer lands where people did not want to convert. According to document A, “The Muslims gathered together, and the Greek army marched against them…
I strongly believe that through the implementation of religious tolerance, the Moghuls were able to keep increasing their territory and
European military tactics and weapons were adopted, direct trade was established, and modernization became the goal of Ottoman society. In India, there was also religious turmoil. Hindus and Muslims, both key religious groups, were at odds with each other. A ruler named Akbar attempted to fix the religious state of his country by establishing a new religion known as the Divine Faith – a mixture of Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity. It also promoted tolerance among citizens.
The Marāthās, in particular, became so enraged that they eventually gained their independence from the Mughals and established their own empire,” (Gale). The departure of the Marāthās proves the lack of religious tolerance the Mughals had at times. The Marāthās were so enraged at the lack of acceptance that they left the empire rendering it smaller and weaker. This is just one example of the Mughals not only only neglecting to practice religious tolerance, but how refusing to accept all people for their beliefs backfired in the empire’s overall growth and unity.
The Islamic Empire Had three different ways of conquering land to expand their Empire. The first way of how the Islamic Empire conquered land was by making treaties so they would not have to fight for land. The second way of conquering land
Comparison and Contrast Essay While the Indian Ocean and Trans-Saharan trade routes both encouraged and facilitated the spread of Islam, the Indian Ocean saw a more extensive diffusion of disease, and traded across water instead of land. Islam was a widespread religion amongst both trade routes, but other religions, like Buddhism, were not as popular along the Trans-Saharan route. Through the time period, we see evidence of Islam’s dominance in the form of muslim architecture and the rulers of the time period.
In the Why Islam Spread So Quickly reading it states, “...A series of ghazu raids against the non-muslims communities in the neighboring countries. The unity of the ummah would be preserved by an outwardly directed offensive [attack].” This relates to the spread of Islam because Muslims use a strategy of raids against non-muslims that would preserve the unity of the ummah. Lastly conquest and war guided Islam to a large population with the help of the Byzantine and Persian Empire.
Why did Islam spread so fast? In 610 CE A man named Muhammad was outside of a cave meditating and soon began hearing voices. As he listened he heard them say “Give birth to a religion called Islam.” Islam began to spread faster than any other religion.
British India was partitioned into two independent states i.e. Pakistan and India in 1947. The idea behind the creation of Pakistan is to have a home for the Muslims of South Asia. As Pakistan is an Islamic country by the constitution and in contrast India is a secular country. Paksitan and India were founded