INTRODUCTION:
Organ and tissue donation after death is an established part of medical practice. Nowadays many people are not sure of whether to donate or not to donate their organ and tissue for transplantation after death. The decision to donate organ and tissue after death is an ethical issue. This ethical decision depends on two different perceptions: a) whether to donate or not to donate one’s own organs or tissues after death b) whether to donate or not to donate the organs or tissues of a relative who has just died.
The main aim of this article is to provide brief knowledge regarding the ethical issues raised against donating organ and tissue after death and also for decision making for above issue.
Our India is a multicultural community. It is important that all the members of our community feel sure that their views on organ and tissue donation and transplantation are respected. It is important that
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The main reasons behind why some people decide to donate organs after death and why some people decide not to donate their organs because making a decision after a death of a relative is very difficult rather than taking a decision for one’s own in advance are discussed over here.
ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION:
Organ transplantation is an effective treatment for many patients facing severe disability or premature death due to organ failure. An organ transplant is a surgical process where a damaged organ in human body is removed and replaced with a new one. All organs are not transplanted. The term “organ transplant” specifically refers to transplants of the solid organs like heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, pancreas and intestines. Other organs which can also be donated are: eyes, ears, nose, nerves, brain, skin, skeleton, gall bladder, stomach, tongue, mouth and muscles.
CADAVERIC
Refusal of Organ Donation After Death Organ donation definition: it takes healthy organs and tissues from one person(the donor) for transplantation into another(the recipient). An organ transplant may save a person's life, or significantly improve their health and quality of life. Main Social Problem: Refusal of many people to donate due to many factors and obstacles. A chronic shortage of organs for transplantation has and continues to be one of the most controversial pressing health issues in many developed countries.
In 2017, 510 people deceased donors donated their organs, saving over 1,400 people, and giving them the gift of organ donation. In 2017. ‘The most important thing that helps a family's decision is their knowing the donation decision of their loved one' (Donate Life, 2017) only 60% of Australians discuss their wishes for organ donation with their family, meaning the other 40% of Australian families are more than likely to decline organ donation, this is one of the biggest barriers for Australian organ donation. Also, during a conducted survey between the year 12 health class and other students, within figure 1, it can be shown that only 13.4% of people were registered to become an organ donor in Australia, compared to Australia's 76% (Transplant Australia, 2016). Furthermore, 40% of Australians don’t know if their religion supports organ and tissue donation, and 20% of families that declined donation in 2014 did so out of religious or cultural concerns, this amount is huge, if people who were educated in whether or not their religion accepts organ donation, a whole 20% of families would allow their loved one to proceed with organ and tissue transplantation, this barrier is one of the largest ones to date.
Organ transplants in the present day are very expensive even if you have health insurance with high coverage. Another problem is that some organs are so high in demand that there is a waiting list, on which patients can remain for months or years. Increasing the number of donated organs would increase the number of operations which in effect would bring down the expenses and eliminate organ waiting
The successful transplant surgery was performed two months later in March of 2000.... The ability to keep someone alive by replacing one or more of their major organs is an astounding achievement of 20th-century medicine. Unfortunately, the current supply of transplant organs is much lower than the need or demand for them, which means that thousands of people die every year in the U.S. alone for lack of a replacement organ. Ethical issues arise in connection with both the Procurement of transplant organs as well as
More than 120,000 people died last year while waiting for a donor, donation of organs costs nothing (“Why be an Organ Donor”). Becoming an organ donor opens up various options such as organ donation or body donation. Body donation is where the bodies will be given to universities or schools around America, where the students of medicine department will do research on the body to figure out why the organ failed (“Body Donor Program”). The body will not be presented to the public and after it is researched it will be cremated and returned to the family as ash 's (“Body Donor Program”). With that being said some of the organs will be perfect to donate, but some may not meet all the requirements for donation , such as correct blood types, free of sexually transmitted diseases, diabetes, and mental health issues ( "Saving Lives and Giving Hope by Reducing the Organ Waiting
The act Donating Organs, either prior to death or after death, is considered by many to be one of the most generous, selfless and worthwhile decisions that one could make. The decision to donate an organ could mean the difference of life or death for a recipient waiting for a donor. Organ donations offer patients new chances at living more productive, healthy and normal lives and offers them back to families, friends and neighborhoods. Despite the increasing number of donor designations in the past few years, a shortage still exists in donors.
A brain-dead donor is neither conscious but aware of everything around him/her. D. A donor in a persistent vegetative state is conscious but is not aware of everything around him/her. III. There are arguments against Kidney organ sale that should be considered. A. Religious sectors condemn kidney sale.
The process of donation most often begins with your consent to be a donor by registering in your state. Signing up does not guarantee you will be able to donate your organs, eyes, or tissues but it is the first step to being eligible to save lives. For someone to become a deceased donor, he or she has to die in very specific circumstances. Once a person dies, the hospital notifies the local Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) to see if the patient that died can donate. The OPO matches the organs to the best-matched patient.
Donating organs abides as genuinely impactful on its own, yet a few believe that organs should be sold. Both arguments demand the same outcome to acquire as bountiful individuals as possible the organs they need in order to maintain a normal life. The difference here lies in the format one receives/buys their organs. The fundamental problem with selling/ buying organs results in the financial hierarchy; whoever has the money receives the organ and this cannot be the deciding factor, on who obtains one, which allows for opportunities. Opportunities come in all forms and as defined in the dictionary resides as “a good position, chance, or prospect, as for advancement or success” (“Dictionary”, n.d.).
However, donation involves asking ethical questions because the treatment affects not only the people in need of transplants but also the individuals who donate. The main reason why people may consider donating organs is because of the very great benefit that this can bring to others. On the other hand, some find the idea of organ donation too invasive. Those people believe that it is wrong to take organs from people. The decision to or not to donate is a moral decision.
The human organ selling market is often controversial. The idea of fighting for one 's country and dying could be considered heroic but in relevance to living or dead organ market, many individuals are discussed. The thought of selling a friend or family members vitals could seem horrid but also leaving their bodies to decompose could possibly be a waste of material that could have been tested to cure the disease that may have killed them. If one can sell or donate blood or plasma, what 's to say they could also sell an organ. Also, in relevance to the living and dead, if that individual does not need it then why would it be considered negative to make profit on it.
It is usually an ethical and legal question in which a person agrees (or disagrees) to be a donor. In our public opinion of transplantation we usually interpret organ transplantation and organ donation as the same thing, so that’s why the term donation is used also for transplantation of organs from a dead person. In every category of transplantation, whether is from alive or dead person, society needs to determine criteria and rules. In a case of transplantation from a cadaver (deceased human body), an important criterion is the determination of the donator’s state (in most countries this is done in a medical institution). It is necessary for many aspects of society to have a clear line between the terms “life” and “death”, weather is to define murder or allow burial and cremation.
DEAD DONOR RULE The first instance of heart transplantation not only startled the world, it once again posed the same ethical dilemma as kidney transplant. However, this time the uncertainty was stronger as removal of a kidney from a living donor was substantially justified by the fact that kidneys are paired organs. But removal of heart definitely ends the life of its source. So the discussion over the definition of death again came into picture:
CHANGING ATTITUDE & BEHAVIOR OF THE SOCIETY TOWARDS ORGAN DONATION As we observe the attitude elements that shape behavior itself, we came across with subjective norms and personal beliefs on attitude itself. As a current issue in sociology and psychology, organ donation is a well-known attitude-matter topic in 21st century. A lot critics have been written about this issue. (Fazio & Roskos-Ewoldsen 2005) Persuasion is one of the key factors on people 's willingness to donate their organs.
When the organs are transplant to the recipient body, the organ can function immediately and also helps the recipient recover faster and shortens the length of the hospital stay. Recipients of living generally released from the hospital on the fifth day after the transplant. Moreover, the supply of