Umbilical Cord Research Paper
The umbilical cord also referred to as Funiculus umbilicalis or birth cord, might be, the only organ of the fetus that dies after the birth (1). It is structurally and functionally simple, yet it is the fetal lifeline connecting placenta to the fetus for the supply of oxygen, nutrients and transfer of waste materials, processes necessary for the growth and development of the fetus (2). It is usually attached near the cen¬ter of the placenta, from where the umbilical vessels ramify under the amnion and pass into the placenta, but it may be eccentric or marginal (3). (As shown in photographs 1, 2 and 3)
Photograph 1: Central insertion of the umbilical cord into the placenta. Photograph 2: Eccentric insertion of the umbilical cord
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At the fifth week of development, structures passing through this ring are the connecting stalk containing allantois and umbilical vessels, yolk sac (vitelline duct) with vitelline vessels and the canal connecting intra and extra embryonic cavities (4). Extra-embryonic mesoderm grows towards the center to form the chorionic cavity, a place which is occupied by the proper yolk sac (4). During the development, the yolk sac rotates towards the implantation site (4). The embryo then folds into the amniotic cavity (4). Subsequent expansion of the amniotic cavity occurs at the expense of chorionic cavity. Later amnion envelops the connecting stalk and yolk sac stalk together and that forms the primitive umbilical cord. During early development, 13-40 days post conception umbilical cord forms at the site of the connecting stalk, which joins the extra embryonic mesoderm to the embryonic disc (5). Proximally the primitive umbilical cord also contains some intestinal loops. By the end of the third month amnion has expanded in such a way that it comes in contact with chorion, obliterating chorionic cavity. The yolk sac shrinks and gets obliterated (5). As the development progresses, the connecting stalk containing allantois, vitelline duct and the umbilical vessels gets smaller in diameter and increases in length (5). Later allantois and vitelline duct are obliterated. Umbilical vessels remain at the end of the development, which is surrounded by the Wharton’s jelly (6). There are two umbilical arteries, formed from two embryonic allantoic arteries. Initially there are two allantoic veins but as the development progresses, within first two months, the right allantoic vein disappears and only left forms the umbilical vein
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