Water hammering is a wave of pressure that is caused by the kinetic energy of a fluid when it suddenly stops or changes direction. There is a change in momentum in the fluid as seen in the figure below.
Any fluid in motion contains kinetic energy. When the motion in a pipeline is suddenly stopped, the kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy. The pressure energy exists as a shock wave moving in the opposite direction to the original direction of movement of the fluid due to the fact that water has a mass at a certain velocity, for instance, when a tap or control valve is closed quickly the velocity of the water is suddenly reduced to zero. This can be explained trough Newton’s third law of motion. “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”. The buildup of pressure is caused by the water that is still moving, has momentum at the moment of closing the tap or valve. As the water is pushed against the closure, a pressure shock wave is formed, that pushes up the pipe in the opposite direction that the fluid
…show more content…
Water hammer is a sudden increase in the pressure of a liquid due to an instantaneous conversion of momentum to pressure. A pressure surge or wave caused by the kinetic energy of a fluid in motion when it is caused to stop or change direction suddenly. The movement of liquid mass in a pipe is kinetic energy, which is proportional to the mass of liquid times the square of the velocity [2]. The noises are caused by a very fast moving pressure wave in a closed conduit, usually resulting from a sudden stoppage/block or change in the masses velocity.
In any system where change in momentum of the fluid occurs water hammering will be experienced, the larger the mass of the fluid the greater the resultant force. The greater the change in velocity the greater the force. The greater the force the greater the water
What is fracking? Fracking is the process of drilling into the ground and releasing a high-pressure water mixture into rocks in order to fracture them and release the natural gases inside. The water mixture consists of water, sand and chemicals. Fracking is beneficial because it lowers the prices of oil and gas, reduces America’s dependency on foreign oil, and reduces CO2 contribution.
The similar feature is that there is increase in pressure rates with increase of drops
In my hometown of Waterdown Ontario, there is rarely a minute when the main downtown area is not buzzing with people. In my opinion, the downtown area of Waterdown is alive and lively. Whether people are shopping in one of the variety of stores, grabbing a bite to eat at one of the numerous restaurants or cafés or just driving through, downtown is easily the focal point of town and continues to increase in chaos as Waterdown continues to grow and suburbanize. In Waterdown, the downtown core is where almost every shop and store is located. If you want to do anything from buy groceries to take a pottery class, you do so downtown.
Throughout the centuries, humans have been attempting to find a way to power homes, cars, and other luxuries in the most efficient way possible. Coal and oil were two major sources that begin being exploited during the industrial revolution. Both have caused great controversy over the years from lawsuits to strikes. A new way to drill oil, hydraulic fracturing, was discovered and was an efficient means of drilling until its effects became prevalent. Also, when coal began to run out, a new method called mountaintop removal took hold, but continues to damage the earth.
Every year about 13,000 new hydraulic fracturing wells are made in the United States alone (Lallanilla 2015). So what is hydraulic fracturing , also known as “fracking”, and why are so many of these wells popping up? Hydraulic fracturing is a process that recovers natural gases and oil from shale rock. The shale rock or sometimes coalbed methane formations are then drilled and a well is made as deep as 10,000 feet below the surface. After a well has been drilled the actual fracking process begins.
Fracking Fracking is drilling down into earth before high-pressure water mixture goes down directed at rocks to release the gases inside. Water, sand and other chemicals are injected to the rock at high pressure, which allows the gas to come back up and come out of the well where it is collected (BBC News). Fracking is so controversial because it requires enormous amounts of water to extract and is a disaster for the environment. It takes on average 400 hundred tanker trucks to carry water and other supplies to and from the fracking site. It takes 1-8 million gallons of water to complete ONE fracking job.
FRACKING AND ITS CRITICISM Since the mid-80s, The First Nations and their leaders have raised numerous concerns about the failure of the government and industries in Canada to properly consult them before developing any of their lands. Fracking is a technique used in stimulating the fracturing of rocks through the use of pressurized liquid. The fluid used comprises of hot water, sand, and proppants that are thickened using appropriate agents. The fluid enters the deep-rock and makes it possible to have natural gas, petroleum and brine flow up. If the pressure is removed, the grains in the proppants are capable of keeping the fractures while open.
I can picture Jesus calmly getting up and saying those three words, “Hush...be still.” In an instance, every single element in the water and wind stopped as the sea became as a glass mirror. Imagine. No doubt, one could hear a pin drop at that moment. What kind reaction did this produce?
It is one of the many ways people have used to get oil by drilling into the ground. Hydrofracking is a combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. The goal is to drill about a mile, sometimes more, into the Earth to get to the Marcellus formation,
Fracking, also known as hydraulic fracturing is the way of breaking dense rocks in the ground to create a fracture network to make crude oil and natural gas flow in a wellbore to bring on the surface. The process of fracking is complex. Workers have to inject fluids like water, sand, and other chemicals into the ground. Fracking is a good way to get resources but ultimately bad for human health and the environment. There are different types of pollutants that bould be released, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particulate matter, and methane.
Hydraulic fracturing is a process used in nine out of 10 natural gas wells in the United States, where millions of gallons of water, sand and chemicals are pumped underground to break apart the rock and release the gas (what is). This new and booming form of extracting natural gasses from shale rock is sweeping the nation in controversy. Fracking has many issues, those for it claim it has large economic benefits while remaining environmentally safe. Those against claim it does in fact effect our environment, The debate over fracking and its recent boom indicate a need for better understanding of the effects of Hydraulic Fracking.
It involves high-pressure injections of water and chemicals into rock formations, which in turn release natural gas (Thompson, “Hydraulic Fracturing Should Be Banned”). However, fracking can result in many negative outcomes. For instance, scientists who conducted the earthquake study for Geology discovered that not only did fracking cause the biggest earthquake in Oklahoma, but it also caused more earthquakes in states that hardly experienced any seismic activity (“Wastewater Injection Spurred Biggest Earthquake Yet, Says Study,” The Earth Institute Columbia University). In fact, quakes have hit so frequently in Oklahoma, that state and oil regulators decided to shut down five disposal wells due to the increasing number of earthquakes in a city named Cushing (“Oil Regulators Shut Down Two Disposal Wells After Earthquakes Near Cushing”, State Impact: NPR).
1. Introduction 1.1 What is hydraulic fracturing? Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is the process of drilling down into the earth’s surface, followed by a high-pressure water mixture, which is directed at the rocks to release the gas and oil that is inside of them. Furthermore water, sand, chemicals and other substances are injected into the rock at a high pressure, in order to allow the gas in the rock to flow out and up to the top of the fracking wells.
Bernoulli’s theorem is a special application of the laws of motion and energy. The principle equation describes the pressure measured at any point in a fluid, which can be a gas or a liquid, to the density and the velocity of the specified flow. The theorem can be explained by the means of imagining a particle in a cylindrical pipe. If the pressure on both sides of the particle in the pipe is equal, the particle will be stationary and in equilibrium.
Water in the pond will be released slowly back to the river after the flood flow has