CHAPTER 3 SIGNIFICANCE AND BACKGROUND 3.1 Introduction to Estimation Theory In estimation theory, the aim is to infer a parameter θ or parameter vector θ from some measurement data x. Towards that end, it is necessary to first find a good mathematical model for the data. In classical estimation theory, the parameters are assumed to be deterministic but unknown. Thus, the data can be described using the family of PDFs p(x; θ). In Bayesian estimation theory, in contrast, the unknown parameter to be estimated is assumed to be a realization of a random variable. Consequently, the data is described by the joint PDF p(x; θ)= p(x|θ)p(θ) composed of the prior PDF p(θ) and the conditional PDF p(x|θ). 3.2 Conventional Estimation Theory 3.2.1 Performance Metrics and Unbiased Estimators For a given …show more content…
In tracking, however, parameters are assumed to evolve in time. To clearly distinguish between fixed parameters and those that evolve in time, the latter ones are often referred to as a state. The task in tracking is then to infer the state s[n] from the measurements y[n] taken at time-step n. Obviously, we could implement tracking by estimating states at every time-step individually, using some of the earlier discussed methods. However, if an estimates ̂[n-1]is available at time-step n, this estimate can often be used as prior information for the estimation of s ̂[n]. When tracking the location of a pedestrian, as an example, the change in location is clearly determined by the pedestrian’s velocity. Thus, if we have obtained an estimate for the pedestrian’s location and velocity at time-step n-1, we can already estimate the pedestrian’s location at time-step n without taking any measurements. In order to exploit such knowledge, we obviously need a good model for the evolution of the state. In Kalman filtering this model is often referred to as the state transition and is given
% The details about the calculation is given in Appendix~\ref{Adedpsystable}. %, for example in 1.45~GeV data set 30$\%$ to 15$\%$ %1.45~GeV to have a larger systematic error (30$\%$) than 1.50~GeV (21$\%$) is still
Introduction The purpose of this Lab was to identify the density of the unidentified object and determine what substance the unidentified object given by the teacher was. The density calculated in the experiment will stay the same because the density of the unidentified object will stay constant. The Independent Variable of this experiment was the calculated density and the unidentified object given. The Dependant Variable for this experiment was the density.
The user’s or device’s pose must be measured accurately, robustly and in real-time. Most mobile phones today are equipped with built-in cameras, which naturally lend to use computer vision based approaches for tracking. Tracking fiducial markers is a common strategy to achieve robustness and computational efficiency simultaneously. The ARToolKitPlus library was developed based on the well known open source ARToolKit library. It was ported to the Windows CE environment, optimized for the mobile phone platform and heavily extended with features that support mobility, such as automatic thresholding or large amounts of markers.
The founder and director of the Joseph S. Murphy Institute, Greg Mantsios has provided thousands of students with an opportunity to earn a college degree, by helping non-traditional students particularly poor and from working class backgrounds obtain college degrees. Mantsios has made his institute as a center for conducting research, organizing public form and publishing educational material. Such as his essay "Class in America-2006" where he discusses the profile of three individuals of the upper class, working class, and lower working class societies. To show how many factors affected them such as education, along with many other components to ensure a place with in their level of society. Harold S. Browing profile used by Mantsios to represent the factors that influence an individual in the upper-class society.
VECTOR_LINEARACCEL (m⁄s^2 ) VECTOR_GRAVITY (m⁄s^2 ) The sensors are capable of transmitting the orientation data in both Euler and Quaternion angles depending upon the function used. As the requirement of this project is concerned, the values from the vector function we were concerned was VECTOR-EULER (degrees) and was VECTOR-GYROSCOPE (rad⁄sec).
…3 B. Summary of Evidence…………………………………………………………..………4-5 C. Evaluation of Sources.…………………………………………………...……..……. …6-7 D. Analysis………………………………......…………………………………………. ….8-9 E. Conclusion……………………………………. ……………………………. …………..
1.Identify the problem being addressed and is it a new problem or a well known problem? There are a variety of wearable sensors like location beacons, accelerometers, cameras, and physiological sensors. But then, there is a need to develop a single device that can monitor a wealth of activities. Secondly, there is a need to develop tools and techniques for continuously sensing user activities of interest, in order to develop a variety of truly ubiquitous computing applications.
Evaluation of the data defined will play an instrumental role in the process improvement written procedure, therefore enhancing operational
1.1 Explain how observations are used: Reference- www.slideshare.net. Text book- Penny Tassoni. Laser learning.
Efficiency of financial markets is one of the fundamental issues in finance. The central idea of market efficiency is that market prices of securities represent true value of securities. All relevant information is immediately reflected in the prices causing abnormal profit making impossible in the market. The efficient market hypothesis further implies that prices will move randomly that makes prediction of prices extremely difficult. Efficient market hypothesis requires that investors will be rational and have homogenous expectation.
Measurements, Calculations, and Significant Figures Measurements, calculations, and significant figures are vital mathematical terms used to understand the basic concepts of physics. Knowing how to properly make measurements and apply the necessary calculations to obtain accurate answers will surely prove beneficial in physics, but having that knowledge will also help you throughout your entire life. Therefore, it is important to understand the processes and numbers involved when using measurements, calculations, and significant figures. Measurements are used to identify the specific characteristics of an object, such as length, size, and amount. One must use the proper measuring device, depending on the conditions of the experiment and
As big data things continue to grow in this modern era, today we can learn how to predict or assume anything that will happen in the future with data from the past. This studies known as Predictive Analytics. Predictive analytics combine methods from machine learning, data mining and statistics to find meaning or pattern from a huge volume of data. Tom H Davenport, a senior advisor at Deloitte Analytics has broken down three primer models on doing predictive analytics: the data, statistics, and assumptions.
In this essay I will write about the strengths and weaknesses of perception as a way of knowing. Perception is the way we perceive the world through our senses. We use all five of our senses, which are sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch to understand the world and interpret it. We can then say it’s a Primary way of knowledge. We can also say that, because the senses is the way our body communicates, we have at least three more senses: kinesthetic sense, which is our awareness of our body’s dimensions and movement; vestibular sense, which is the awareness of the human’s balance and spacial orientation; and organic sense, which is the manifest of the internal organs (for example, hunger or thirst).
At that time, the sink node uses the IP cameras positioned in the sensing area to record the events and display the current situations. When events are detected by sensors, they start to collect data for a specific period. Fig. 1 shows the proposed system which consists of two parts; sensor side and sink
Economic growth and economic development In measuring and identifying the factors that stimulate the growth of the economy of a nation such as the Republic of India, a distinction needs to be made between economic growth and economic development. For a nation to experience economic growth, there must be an increase in the gross domestic product (GDP), which is a qualitative measure of the value of all finished goods and services produced in that country within a period of time. However, economic development which is usually measured through the human development index (HDI), includes not only an increase in the output of goods and services, but an improvement in the welfare of individuals within a country.