Applications of Ethylene Oxide Reaction of ethylene oxide with other inert gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen is used for the healthcare, publication and wood products sectors. Ethylene oxide is also used in other industries and in the manufacture of choline chloride, glycol ethers and polyglycols. Other minor uses world-wide include its application in the manufacture of rocket propellant and petroleum demulsifiers. (Petrochemicals Europe, 1985)
2.1. Ethylene Oxide used to produce ethylene glycol
*Introduction
Ethylene oxide majorly contributed in the production of ethylene glycol, which is used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of polyesters for fibres, films, bottles etc. with a further 25% used as antifreeze in engine
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The reaction takes place without catalyst and is significantly exothermic. Due to the high reactivity of ethylene oxide care must be taken that its conversion is complete. Alternative processes operate with highly concentrated ammonia. Since pure ammonia is gaseous under normal conditions, it is necessary to work under high pressure (50–70 bar) with this process. The formation of mono-, di- or triethanolamine depends thereby on whether an ammonia molecule reacts with one, two or three ethylene oxide molecules. The composition of the resulted mixture depends on the ratio of the raw materials and can be varied in a goal-oriented manner. The higher the proportion of ammonia, the more monoethanolamine is formed. (Sulzer, …show more content…
During the processing of an ethoxylated compounds, a carcinogenic by product is created called 1,4-dioxane. Many ethoxylated compounds of fatty alcohols are used in detergents,surfactans,emulsifiers, cosmetic and dispersants and commonly contain traces of 1,4-dioxane. This carcinogen has been found in even in supposedly "natural" brands. (Greenwood]., 2009)
2.5 Other applications of ethylene oxide Ethylene oxide is used in the dried fruit industry to stop microbial spoilage in prunes and, presumably, these treatments are also insecticidal. For use as a sterilizing agent, ethylene oxide is available as an aerosol mixed with propellants of the Freon type. Ethylene oxide constitutes 11 percent of the mixture and may be discharged from the container without the risk of fire or explosion.
Vitamins of the B complex and some of the amino acids may be destroyed when exposed to ethylene oxide. However, drier conditions may reduce this effect. Charles et al (1965) found that, in a dry sterilization procedure where the efficiency of the treatment was satisfactory, the effect on vitamin B content was only slight in comparison to steam
In order to begin this experiment, first one must find the balanced chemical equation for the reaction which occurs between the aluminum and copper (II) chloride. This balanced equation being 2Al(s)+3CuCl2 (aq)3Cu(s)+2AlCl3 (aq). After finding this equation, one must use the process of stoichiometry in order to find how many grams of aluminum are needed in order to produce 0.15 grams of copper. In this experiment, the purpose was to produce between 0.1 and 0.2 grams of copper, so one should attempt to produce 0.15 grams of copper seeing as it is the average of those two numbers. The first step in the stoichiometric process which one has to complete is finding how many grams of copper are in one mole of copper.
Tyler White CHEM151LL 32658 04/01/2018 Different Types Chemical Reaction Types and Equations Purpose: The purpose of this lab experiment is to examine different types of chemical reactions such as Decomposition reaction, Synthesis reactions, Combustion reactions, and different Chemical equations. The experiments were conducted online using Late Nite Labs. Materials: Because the experiments were conducted online there wasn’t any physical use of materials, only digital ones, for these labs to be performed. Only the registration for the website was needed to perform these online labs, as well as a desktop computer.
Agent Orange and it’s Affects on Society Did you know that Britain was the first to use defoliants in combat against Southwest Asia according to nytimes.com? At this point a person might ask themselves what is a defoliant? A defoliant is a pesticide used to remove leaves from plants and it was also used as a war tactic in different wars. During the Vietnam war, a defoliant was used called agent orange. They called it Agent Orange because of the color.
The purpose of this laboratory experiment was to react methyl benzoate with nitric acid and identify the position of the substituted nitro group in the final product molecule. Methyl benzoate was added to cool concentrated sulfuric acid in order to amplify the directing effect of the nitro group addition, such that without the sulfuric acid the protonation would have happened at the carbon oxygen double bond. The mixing of concentrated nitric acid with concentrated sulfuric acid was to achieve Reaction 1 from Table 1, formation of the nitronium ion. Both of these reactions were kept at temperatures around 0°C, since they are exothermic reaction and presence of heat could lead to production of unnecessary dinitro by-products.
After the assigned reaction was complete, samples of authentic cis-cyclohexene-1,2-diol, authentic trans-cyclohexene-1,2-diol, a 50:50 mix of the cis and trans cyclohexene-1,2-diols, and the product were each spotted on the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) plate. Then the TLC plate was placed inside a saturated beaker filled ethyl acetate in order to develop the plate. Once the solvent traveled up the solvent front, the plate was stained with anisaldehyde solution and then heated with a heat gun so the results could be visible. When looking at the results, the spot for the authentic cis-cyclohexene-1,2-diol turned a dark purple/light pink color, the spot for the authentic trans-cyclohexene-1,2-diol turned a light purple/blue color, the spot of the 50:50 mix of the cis and trans cyclohexene-1,2-diols turned a dark purple/light pink color, and the spot for the product turned a dark pink color. The color similarities between the product, the cis-cyclohexene-1,2-diol, and even the 50:50 mix of cis and trans diols indicated that the
During the 1960’s Vietnam War, the United States sprayed toxic herbicides in Southern Vietnam. Doing such action was considered effective in meeting some of the important US and allied military objectives in Vietnam. Agent Orange or also known as Herbicide Orange is one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the US military as part of its herbicidal warfare program. It was a mixture of equal parts of two herbicides namely: (1) 2,4,5-T; and (2) 2,4-D. From one of the 1969 reports, Courtney et.
A spin vane was added and a water-jacked condenser was attached. Isopentyl nitrite (0.06ml, 0.045 mmol) was dissolved in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (0.50 ml) in a 3-ml conical vial and caped to prevent loss by evaporation. Running the reaction. The mixture in the 5-ml conical vial containing the tetraphenylcyclopentadienone and anthranilic acid was heated on an aluminum block to 140° C. Once the mixture started to boil the prepared mixture of isopentyl nitrite was added to the 5-ml conical vial through the top of the condenser using a pasture pipette.
The reaction to synthesize benzocaine was known as a Fisher esterification reaction. The Fisher esterification was reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid in the presence of acid. The reaction was used to form an ester. In the experiment, sulfuric acid acted as a catalyst and necessary for this reaction to occur. There was a change between the –OH group of carboxylic acid to an –OCH2CH3 group in the reaction.
Advancement in chemical research has given companies the ability to make increasingly more effective products. These companies are allowed to manufacture goods with newly discovered synthetic compounds, often without much rigorous testing to determine if they are safe. An apparent correlation between the recent use of industrial chemicals and occurrences of disease in the population has been found, suggesting that they may be harmful to people’s health. Studies have shown that many commonly used ingredients can interfere with hormones, causing reproductive and developmental harm and even cancer. With the wide range of negative effects possibly caused by these substances, attention needs to be brought to regulation of chemical use in order to protect the health of the public.
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to identify given Unknown White Compound by conducting various test and learning how to use lab techniques. Tests that are used during this experiment were a flame test, ion test, pH test, and conductivity test. The results drawn from these tests confirmed the identity of the Unknown White Compound to be sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2) because there were no presence of ions and sodium has a strong persistent orange color. The compound then will be synthesized with the compounds Na2CO3 and HC2H3O2 to find percent yield.
It is usually found in alcoholic beverages and is produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeast according to (National Institute of Health, 2000). Ethanol has a number of practical uses it is most commonly used as an antiseptic, a solvent and a fuel. Ethanol has 2 carbon bonds with a chemical formula of CH3-CH2-OH . Ethanol’s boiling point is 97°C and the freezing point -114.1°C. The hazards of ethanol is its flammability and also consuming to much of the substance leading to alcohol
Ethylene glycol is also seen being used as a dewatering agent and hydrate inhibition in the natural gas industry, as well with minor uses in niche applications like nail polish, detergents, cosmetics, and paints etc. because of its low
INTRODUCTION A gas chromatograph (GC) can be utilized to analyze the contents of a sample quantitatively or in certain circumstances also qualitatively. In the case of preparative chromatography, a pure compound can be extracted from a mixture. The principle of gas chromatography can be explained as following: A micro syringe is used to inject a known volume of vaporous or liquid analyte into the head or entrance of a column whereby a stream of an inert gas acts a carrier (mobile phase). The column acts as a separator of individual or chemically similar components.
There are two methods of obtaining cyclohexane. These two methods are fractional distillation of naphtha and hydrogenation of benzene. Research suggest that the hydrogenation of benzene is the most economical way to create our chemical of choice. According to ICIS, cyclohexane is used in the production of adipic acid used to
Abstract The unknown concentration of benzoic acid used when titrated with standardized 0.1031M NaOH and the solubility was calculated at two different temperatures (20◦C and 30◦C). With the aid of the Van’t Hoff equation, the enthalpy of solution of benzoic acid at those temperatures was determined as 10.82 KJ. This compares well with the value of 10.27KJ found in the literature.